Making violence ordinary: radio, music and the Rwandan genocide
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21504/amj.v8i3.1829Abstract
During the 1994 Rwandan genocide an estimated 800 000 people, or roughly 12 per cent of Rwanda's population, perished at the hands of both Hutu militias and ordinary citizens. The pro-genocide radio station, RTLM, or Radio-Television Libre des Milles Collines (Free Radio-Television of a Thousand Hills), played a critical role in cultivating anti-Tutsi ideology and spurring mobs of Hutu militants to commit acts of violence in the name of justice, solidarity, and self-preservation.References
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Carver, Richard 2004 "Neutralising the Voices of Hate: Broadcasting and Genocide" [journal on-line], Pambazuka News: Weekly Forum for Social Justice in Africa, available from http://www.pambazuka.org/index.php?id=21172 (accessed 18 October 2007)
Chalk, Frank 1999 "Hate Radio in Rwanda", in Adelman, Howard and Suhrke, Astri (eds) The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Csordas, Thomas J. 1997 Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement, Berkeley CA: University of California
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Kirschke, Linda 1996 Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda & State-sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London: Article 19
Melvern, Linda 2000 A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda s Genocide, London and New York: Zed Books Ltd.
Mbonimana, Gamaliel and Jean de Dieu Karangwa 2006 "Topical analysis of the songs Twasezereye: We bade farewell; Nanga abahutu or Akabyutso: I hate the Hutu or The Awakening; and Bene Sebahinzi or Intabaza: The descendants of Sebahinzi or The Alert by Simon Bikindi", Expert report prepared for ICTR (Arusha), 2006 (ICTR- 01-72-0163/02), available at http://trim.unictr.org/webdrawer/rec/81750/, (accessed 17 October 2007)
Newbury, Catherine 1993 The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda 1860- 1960, New York: Columbia University Press
Radio Nederland Wereldomroep n.d. "Hate Radio Rwanda" [news on-line], available at http://www2.rnw. nymw/en/features/media/dossiers/rwanda-h.html, (accessed 17 October 2007)
Taylor, Chrisopher C. 1999 Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of1994, Oxford: Berg
Carver, Richard 2004 "Neutralising the Voices of Hate: Broadcasting and Genocide" [journal on-line], Pambazuka News: Weekly Forum for Social Justice in Africa, available from http://www.pambazuka.org/index.php?id=21172 (accessed 18 October 2007)
Chalk, Frank 1999 "Hate Radio in Rwanda", in Adelman, Howard and Suhrke, Astri (eds) The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Csordas, Thomas J. 1997 Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement, Berkeley CA: University of California
Des Forges, Alison 1999 Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda [book on-line], New York: Human Rights Watch, available from http://www.hrw.org/ reports/1999/rwanda/ (accessed 17 October 2007)
Destexhe, Alan 1995 Rwanda, essai sur le genocide (Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century), translated by Alison Marschner, New York: New York University
Gulseth, Hege L0vdal 2004 The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide: A Study of Radio- Télévision Libre de Mille Collines (RTLM), Master's Thesis, University of Oslo
Huggins, Chris and Herman Musahara 2005 "Land Reform, Land Scarcity and Post-conflict Reconstruction: A Case Study of Rwanda", in Huggins, Chris and Clover, Jenny (eds) From the Ground Up: Land Rights, Conflict, and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies
Kirschke, Linda 1996 Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda & State-sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London: Article 19
Melvern, Linda 2000 A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda s Genocide, London and New York: Zed Books Ltd.
Mbonimana, Gamaliel and Jean de Dieu Karangwa 2006 "Topical analysis of the songs Twasezereye: We bade farewell; Nanga abahutu or Akabyutso: I hate the Hutu or The Awakening; and Bene Sebahinzi or Intabaza: The descendants of Sebahinzi or The Alert by Simon Bikindi", Expert report prepared for ICTR (Arusha), 2006 (ICTR- 01-72-0163/02), available at http://trim.unictr.org/webdrawer/rec/81750/, (accessed 17 October 2007)
Newbury, Catherine 1993 The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda 1860- 1960, New York: Columbia University Press
Radio Nederland Wereldomroep n.d. "Hate Radio Rwanda" [news on-line], available at http://www2.rnw. nymw/en/features/media/dossiers/rwanda-h.html, (accessed 17 October 2007)
Taylor, Chrisopher C. 1999 Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of1994, Oxford: Berg
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Published
2009-11-30
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How to Cite
“Making Violence Ordinary: Radio, Music and the Rwandan Genocide”. 2009. African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music 8 (3): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.21504/amj.v8i3.1829.
