Risk profile for chronic diseases of life-style in older black South Africans. The BRISK Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21504/sajg.v9i1.192Abstract
This paper describes the risk-factor profile for chronic diseases of life-style in the older black population of Cape Town and compares it with risk profiles in other South African ethnic groups. A hundred and sixty-eight men and women aged 60 years and over from formerly designated black areas of Cape Town were sampled in 1990. Laboratory diagnosis of hyperlipidaemia and clinical measurements of blood pressure and body mass index were carried out and reported incidences of smoking and dietary intake were recorded. A low risk profile was found in the sample: Total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels were low and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol (HDLC/TC) ratios high, with approximately 90% of the sample having protective ratios > 20%. Hypertension was found in 25.7% of men and 48.7% of women. Of the hypertensives, only 53.5% were on anti-hypertensive medication. A high prevalence of obesity was found in the women (51.3%). Smoking rates were 47.3% in men and 28.3% in women. Dietary information showed that the group consumed an essentially prudent diet. Men had higher cholesterol intakes (300mg) than women (I75mg), while women consumed significantly more carbohydrates as a source of energy than men (p 0.05). It is concluded that the study population is at lower risk for chronic diseases of life-style than other ethnic groups in South Africa, but it is uncertain whether the low rates will continue in future generations.References
American Dietetic Association. 1979, Dietary goals for the United States. Second edition. Journal of the American Diet Association, 74: 529-533,
American Heart Association. 1967. Recommendation for human blood pressure determination by sphygmanometers. Dallas: American Heart Association,
Benfante, R., Reed, D. & Frank, J. 1992. Do coronary heart disease risk factors measured in the elderly have the same predictive roles as in the middle aged. Comparisons of relative and attributable risks. Annals of Epidemiology, 2: 273-282.
Bourne,L.T., Langenhoven, M., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J.A. & Van der Vyver, E. 1993a. Nutrient intake in the urban African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. The Brisk study. Central African Journal of Medicine, 39: 238-247.
Bourne, L.T., Langenhoven, M.L., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J, A. & Van der Vyver, E. 1993b. Nutrient intake patterns in the urban African population of the Cape Peninsula, The BRISK. Study. Central African Journal of Medicine, 39: 238-248.
Bradshaw, D., Bourne, D.E., Schneider, M. & Sayed, R. 1995. Mortality patterns of chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa. In: Fourie, J.M. & Steyn, K. (Eds) Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa. Technical report. Parow Valley: Medical Research Council, pp. 5-32.
Central Statistical Service. 1992, Population Census, 1991. Summarised results after adjustment for undercount. Pretoria: CSS.
Charlton, K.E., Fourie, J.M., Steyn, K. & Lombard, C.J. 1997a. Prevalence of hypertension among the elderly coloured population of the Cape Peninsula. Cardiovascular Supplement. South African Medical Journal 87: C75-C80.
Charlton, K.E., Wolmarans, P., Marais, A.D. & Lombard, C.J. 1997b. Macronutrient intake and cardiovascular risk factors in older coloured South Africans. East African Medical Journal. 74: 478-486.
Diet Consensus Panel. 1989. Dietary recommendations for the prevention of coronary heart disease. South African Medical Journal 76: 591-592.
Ferreira, M., Moller, V., Prinsloo, F.R. & Gillis, L.S. 1992. Multidimensional survey of elderly South Africans, 1990-91: key findings. Cape Town: HSRC IJCT Centre for Gerontology.
Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I. & Fredrickson, D.S. 1972. Estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry, 18: 499-502.
Gordon, T., Castelli, W.P., Hjortland, M.C., Kannel, W.B. & Dawber, T.R. 1977. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. American Journal of Medicine, 62: 707-714.
Harris, T., Cook, E.F., Kannel, W.B. & Goldman, L. 1988. Proportional hazards analysis of risk factors for coronary heart disease in individuals aged 65 or older. The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, "SO: 1023-1028,
Kannel, W.B. & Vokonas, P.S. 1992. Demographics of the prevalence, incidence, and management of coronary heart disease in the elderly and in women. Annals of Epidemiology, 2: 5-14,
Langenhoven, M.L., Kruger. M., Gouws, E. & Faber, M. 1991 a. MRC Food Composition Tables. Third edition. Parow Valley, South Africa: Medical Research Council.
Langenhoven, M.L., Conradie, P.J., Wolmarans, P, & Faber, M. 1991b. MRC Food Quantities Manual Second edition. Parow Valley, South Africa: Medical Research Council.
Levitt, N.S., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Bradshaw, D., Hoffman, M.N. & Bonnici, F. 1993. The prevalence and identification of risk factors for N1DDM in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. Diabetes Care, 16: 601-607.
Mollentze, W.F., Moore, A.J., Steyn, A.F. et al. 1995. Coronary heart disease risk factors in a rural and urban Orange Free State black population. South African Medical Journal, 85: 90-96.
Moodley, J., Steyn, K., Ehrlich, R., Jordaan, E., Marais, D. & Burgess, L. 1997. Lipid and ischaemic heart disease risk factors in an urbanising workforce. South African Medical Journal 87: 1615-1620.
Murray, C J.L. & Lope2, A.D. 1996. The global burden of disease. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health. On behalf of the World Health Organisation and the World Bank.
National Research Council. 1989. Recommended dietary allowances. Tenth Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oelofse, A., Jooste, P.L., Steyn, K. et al 1996. The lipid and lipoprotein profile of the urban black South African population of the Cape Peninsula - the BRISK study. South African Medical Journal 86: 162-166.
Poulter, N., Khaw,K.T., Hopewood, B.E., Mugambi, M., Peart, W.S., Rose, G. & Sever, P.S. 1984. Blood pressure and its correlates in an African tribe in urban and rural environments. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 3%: 181-185.
Rossouw, J.E., Steyn, K., Berger, G.M.B. et al. 1988. Action limits for serum total cholesterol: a statement for the medical profession by an ad hoc committee of the Heart Foundation of Southern Africa. South African Medical Journal 73: 693-700.
Seedat, Y.K., Mayet, F.G.H., Khan, S., Somers, S.R. & Joubert, G. 1990. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Indians of Durban. South African Medical Journal 78: 447-454.
Seedat, Y.K., Mayet, F.G.H. St Gouws, E. 1994. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the white community of Durban. South African Medical Journal, 84: 257-262,
Stamler, J. 1988, Risk factor modification trials: implications for (he elderly. European Heart Journal, 9 (Supplement D): 9-53.
Statistics South Africa. 1998. The people of South Africa. Population Census, 1996. Age tables for South Africa and its provinces. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Steyn,K., Bourne,L.T., Jooste, P.L., Fourie, J.M., Lombard, C.J. & Yach, D. 1994. Smoking in the black community of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. East African Medical Journal 71; 784-789.
Steyn, K.: Jooste, P.L., Bourne, L. et al. 1991. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the black population of the Cape Peninsula. The BRISK study. South African Medical Journal 79: 480-485.
Steyn, K., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Lombard, C.J. & Bourne, L.T. 1997. Urbanization and the risk for chronic diseases of lifestyle in the black population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 4: 135-142.
World Health Organisation Expert Committee. 1978. Arterial hypertension. Technical Report Series, No. 628. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
World Health Organisation, 1997. Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report on a consultative meeting, Geneva: WHO.
American Heart Association. 1967. Recommendation for human blood pressure determination by sphygmanometers. Dallas: American Heart Association,
Benfante, R., Reed, D. & Frank, J. 1992. Do coronary heart disease risk factors measured in the elderly have the same predictive roles as in the middle aged. Comparisons of relative and attributable risks. Annals of Epidemiology, 2: 273-282.
Bourne,L.T., Langenhoven, M., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J.A. & Van der Vyver, E. 1993a. Nutrient intake in the urban African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. The Brisk study. Central African Journal of Medicine, 39: 238-247.
Bourne, L.T., Langenhoven, M.L., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J, A. & Van der Vyver, E. 1993b. Nutrient intake patterns in the urban African population of the Cape Peninsula, The BRISK. Study. Central African Journal of Medicine, 39: 238-248.
Bradshaw, D., Bourne, D.E., Schneider, M. & Sayed, R. 1995. Mortality patterns of chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa. In: Fourie, J.M. & Steyn, K. (Eds) Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa. Technical report. Parow Valley: Medical Research Council, pp. 5-32.
Central Statistical Service. 1992, Population Census, 1991. Summarised results after adjustment for undercount. Pretoria: CSS.
Charlton, K.E., Fourie, J.M., Steyn, K. & Lombard, C.J. 1997a. Prevalence of hypertension among the elderly coloured population of the Cape Peninsula. Cardiovascular Supplement. South African Medical Journal 87: C75-C80.
Charlton, K.E., Wolmarans, P., Marais, A.D. & Lombard, C.J. 1997b. Macronutrient intake and cardiovascular risk factors in older coloured South Africans. East African Medical Journal. 74: 478-486.
Diet Consensus Panel. 1989. Dietary recommendations for the prevention of coronary heart disease. South African Medical Journal 76: 591-592.
Ferreira, M., Moller, V., Prinsloo, F.R. & Gillis, L.S. 1992. Multidimensional survey of elderly South Africans, 1990-91: key findings. Cape Town: HSRC IJCT Centre for Gerontology.
Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I. & Fredrickson, D.S. 1972. Estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry, 18: 499-502.
Gordon, T., Castelli, W.P., Hjortland, M.C., Kannel, W.B. & Dawber, T.R. 1977. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. American Journal of Medicine, 62: 707-714.
Harris, T., Cook, E.F., Kannel, W.B. & Goldman, L. 1988. Proportional hazards analysis of risk factors for coronary heart disease in individuals aged 65 or older. The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, "SO: 1023-1028,
Kannel, W.B. & Vokonas, P.S. 1992. Demographics of the prevalence, incidence, and management of coronary heart disease in the elderly and in women. Annals of Epidemiology, 2: 5-14,
Langenhoven, M.L., Kruger. M., Gouws, E. & Faber, M. 1991 a. MRC Food Composition Tables. Third edition. Parow Valley, South Africa: Medical Research Council.
Langenhoven, M.L., Conradie, P.J., Wolmarans, P, & Faber, M. 1991b. MRC Food Quantities Manual Second edition. Parow Valley, South Africa: Medical Research Council.
Levitt, N.S., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Bradshaw, D., Hoffman, M.N. & Bonnici, F. 1993. The prevalence and identification of risk factors for N1DDM in urban Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. Diabetes Care, 16: 601-607.
Mollentze, W.F., Moore, A.J., Steyn, A.F. et al. 1995. Coronary heart disease risk factors in a rural and urban Orange Free State black population. South African Medical Journal, 85: 90-96.
Moodley, J., Steyn, K., Ehrlich, R., Jordaan, E., Marais, D. & Burgess, L. 1997. Lipid and ischaemic heart disease risk factors in an urbanising workforce. South African Medical Journal 87: 1615-1620.
Murray, C J.L. & Lope2, A.D. 1996. The global burden of disease. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health. On behalf of the World Health Organisation and the World Bank.
National Research Council. 1989. Recommended dietary allowances. Tenth Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oelofse, A., Jooste, P.L., Steyn, K. et al 1996. The lipid and lipoprotein profile of the urban black South African population of the Cape Peninsula - the BRISK study. South African Medical Journal 86: 162-166.
Poulter, N., Khaw,K.T., Hopewood, B.E., Mugambi, M., Peart, W.S., Rose, G. & Sever, P.S. 1984. Blood pressure and its correlates in an African tribe in urban and rural environments. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 3%: 181-185.
Rossouw, J.E., Steyn, K., Berger, G.M.B. et al. 1988. Action limits for serum total cholesterol: a statement for the medical profession by an ad hoc committee of the Heart Foundation of Southern Africa. South African Medical Journal 73: 693-700.
Seedat, Y.K., Mayet, F.G.H., Khan, S., Somers, S.R. & Joubert, G. 1990. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Indians of Durban. South African Medical Journal 78: 447-454.
Seedat, Y.K., Mayet, F.G.H. St Gouws, E. 1994. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the white community of Durban. South African Medical Journal, 84: 257-262,
Stamler, J. 1988, Risk factor modification trials: implications for (he elderly. European Heart Journal, 9 (Supplement D): 9-53.
Statistics South Africa. 1998. The people of South Africa. Population Census, 1996. Age tables for South Africa and its provinces. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Steyn,K., Bourne,L.T., Jooste, P.L., Fourie, J.M., Lombard, C.J. & Yach, D. 1994. Smoking in the black community of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. East African Medical Journal 71; 784-789.
Steyn, K.: Jooste, P.L., Bourne, L. et al. 1991. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the black population of the Cape Peninsula. The BRISK study. South African Medical Journal 79: 480-485.
Steyn, K., Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Lombard, C.J. & Bourne, L.T. 1997. Urbanization and the risk for chronic diseases of lifestyle in the black population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 4: 135-142.
World Health Organisation Expert Committee. 1978. Arterial hypertension. Technical Report Series, No. 628. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
World Health Organisation, 1997. Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report on a consultative meeting, Geneva: WHO.
Downloads
Published
2000-04-01
Issue
Section
Articles
