South African Quarterly Journal
type: channel
description: The South African Quarterly Journal was published by the South African Literary and Scientific Institution, which was formed through the amalgamation of the South African Institution (founded in August 1829) and the earlier South African Literary Society. Publication period: First series commenced February 1830; includes at least five numbers in the first series and four quarterly numbers in a second series (1833-1835). Notes on the publication dates of the series: 1st Series - Volume 1, numbers 1-5, October 1829 - October 1831 2nd Series - Volume 2, numbers 1-4, October 1833 - September 1835 3rd Series - Volume 3, number 1, December 1836 The journal was published in Cape Town in the early colonial period of the Cape Colony.
publisher: South African Intitution / South African Literary and Scientific Institution
language: en
publication name: South African Quarterly Journal
items: African zoology
items: Proceedings of the South African Literary and Scientific Institution
items: An account of the Amakosae, a tribe of Caffers adjoining the Eastern Boundary of the Cape Colony
items: An epitome of African zoology
items: A notice of the progress of the expedition lately sent out from Liverpool to trade in the Niger
items: Rules and Regulations of the South African Institution
items: Proceedings of the Natural History Society of the Mauritius
items: Natural History Society of the Mauritius
items: Local Intelligence
items: South African Institution
items: Miscellaneous Intelligence
items: Eclipse of the moon - September 2, 1830
items: Notes on South African geology
items: Analysis of the calcareous tuffa at Green Point
items: On human Bones discovered in the caves of France
items: On the horse sickness
items: On the substance called “Fine Linen” in the Sacred Writings
items: On the culture of tobacco
items: Extracts from the journal kept during a visit to some of the interior tribes of southern Africa, in the year 1826
items: Abstract of a journal kept at the Mauritius, of the barometrical movements during the hurricane of the 23d February, 1824
items: Remarks on the culture of exotic vegetables, adapted for the soil and climate of South Africa
items: Substance of the journal of two trading travellers, and of the communications of a missionary, regarding their recent visits to the countries in the rear of the Portuguese Settlement ot De la Goa Bay
items: Notes on the formation of extensive conglomerate and gravel deposits
items: A description of the birds inhabiting the south of Africa
items: A list of plants found in the District of Uitenhage, between the months of July, 1829, and February, 1830, together with a description of some new species
items: An historical account of the formation, progress, and present state of the European Colony at the Cape of Good Hope
items: Annual Report of the South African Institution, 1830

African zoology
type: item
description: This second instalment (see https://doi.org/10.21504/saqj.21.2691 for the first part) of Dr Smith's "African Zoology" provides detailed taxonomic descriptions for numerous species of mammals, divided into three orders: Quadrumana (Primates/Lemurs), Cheiroptera (Bats), and Feral (represented here by Insectivora). Order Quadrumana (Primates/Lemurs): Dr Smith establishes three new or detailed genera primarily from Madagascar, emphasising their distinct dental formulas, which are provided using precise numerical notation (e.g., incisors, canines, molars). Genus Macromerus (Smith, new genus): Defined by a specific dental formula (i44​,c11​,m55​ total 30) and unique physical traits, notably very long thighs and specialised finger nails (flat and pointed, except for the long, slender nail of the index finger). Macromerus typicus (Long-legged Lemur): Described as a beautiful species found in the interior of Madagascar, distinguished by its white facial circle contrasting with deep, clear black and silvery grey fur on the body. Genus Cheiromys (Cuvier): Characterised by strong, compressed incisors (i22​,c00​,m44​ total 18) and a long, bushy tail. Cheiromys Madagascariensis (The Aye Aye): A ferruginous brown creature with a long tail, also confirmed to inhabit Madagascar. Genus Cheirogaleus (Geoffroy): Defined by a complex six-molar dentition (i44​,c11​,m66​ total 36) and a rounded head with eyes approaching. Cheirogaleus typicus and other species are detailed as inhabiting Madagascar. Order Cheiroptera (Bats): The text then moves to the Order Cheiroptera (Bats), defined by their large, membrane-supported wings. Descriptions are given for numerous species across multiple genera, differentiating them by their dental formulas, nasal appendages, ears, and tail structure (presence/absence of a tail or how much it is enveloped by the interfemoral membrane). Genus Pteropus (Rousettes/Flying Foxes): Large bats, mostly tailless, including Pteropus Edwardii (Madagascar) and Pteropus L…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Mammalogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Prosimian Taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Animals -- Dental Formula
  topic: keywords
subject: Madagascar Fauna
  topic: keywords
subject: Cheiroptera
  topic: keywords
subject: Insectivora
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: African Zoology
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrew Smith
rights: Copyright (c) 1833 Public Domain
date: 1833-12-31
publication date: 1833-12-31
starting page: 49
ending page: 64
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2694

Proceedings of the South African Literary and Scientific Institution
type: item
description: This record details the proceedings of the South African Literary and Scientific Institution meeting held on 2 October 1833, focusing on the presentation of several newly described South African bird species by Dr Smith. Dr Smith formally brought several South African birds to the attention of the Society, providing detailed descriptions and assigning new scientific names to at least three specimens: Crithagra albogularis (White-throated Canary/Finch): Described by its greenish-grey upper parts, greenish-yellow rump, and distinctive white chin, throat, and eyebrows. The length is recorded as five and a half inches. The description notes an existing controversy, mentioning that Sir Wm. Jardine considered it the female of Crithagra sulphurata, an assertion contradicted by Dr Smith's observation that the two birds are never found associated or in the same localities. Corythaix concolor (Grey Lourie/Turaco): Described by its long crest and overall greyish plumage, faintly mottled with dull reddish-white lines. Notable features include a very long, hoary-grey tail with a deep greenish gloss. The total length is nineteen inches, and its habitat is specified as South Africa, inland of Port Natal. Dr Smith remarked that its bill shape differs from the typical genus species and suggested it might necessitate a new division, Corythaixoides, in future classification. Francolinus Natalensis (Natal Francolin/Partridge): Characterised by its light brown plumage finely mottled with black and tawny white on the head and back, with longitudinal black blotches on the scapulars. The breast and sides of the neck are variegated black and white. It has a reddish-brown bill and reddish-yellow legs. The length is twelve and a half inches, and it inhabits brushwood thickets in the vicinity of Natal. The proceedings reflect the Institution's commitment to the precise identification, classification, and study of the natural history of South Africa, based on the field work of its members, part…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: South African Ornithology
  topic: keywords
subject: Taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Crithagra albogularis
  topic: keywords
subject: Crithagra sulphurata
  topic: keywords
subject: Corythaix concolor
  topic: keywords
subject: Francolinus Natalensis
  topic: keywords
subject: Port Natal, Natal Colony
  topic: keywords
creator: South African Literary and Scientific Institution
rights: Copyright (c) 1833 Public Domain
date: 1833-10-02
publication date: 1833-10-02
starting page: 48
ending page: 48
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2693

An account of the Amakosae, a tribe of Caffers adjoining the Eastern Boundary of the Cape Colony
type: item
description: This continuation of the ethnographic study (see https://doi.org/10.21504/saqj.21.2689) offers a detailed examination of the domestic and cultural life of the Amakosae (Xhosa). Domestic Life and Economy Xhosa kraals (villages) are situated on high ground near water sources and consist of semi-hemispherical huts built from bent boughs, thatched with grass, and plastered inside with cow-dung and sand. The huts enclose a central cattle-fold. Agriculture is practised in nearby fields, where crops such as corn, melons, pumpkins, and beans are cultivated, with children assigned to protect the crops from birds and cattle. Harvested grain is stored in underground pits within the cattle kraal. A distinct division of labour exists: Men: Primarily responsible for cattle herding (their chief attention), milking, fold maintenance, hunting, snaring, and making milk bags. Women: Manage the laborious tasks of fetching wood and water, building and plastering the huts, cultivating and harvesting the corn, and preparing food and apparel (using an awl and ox-fibre thread). Physical Characteristics and Health The Xhosa are described as being of dark brown colour, well-proportioned, acute in sight and hearing, possessing great agility, but averse to labour. Diseases noted include taenia (tapeworm), dyspnoea, and rheumatism. Treatment often involves bloodletting via scarification/cupping, herbal purgatives/emetics, and application of moxa (recently substituted with gunpowder) for pain. Beliefs and Superstition A significant portion of the text addresses supernatural beliefs. Illnesses of an unusual nature are attributed to witchcraft or poison. Igiaka (Doctors) claim to charm noxious animals or objects (bewitching matter) from the sick person. Igiaka-isi-nusikaza ("discoverers of bewitching matter") are employed to identify the witch, often leading to torture and property confiscation, and sometimes used by chiefs to eliminate wealthy or powerful subjects. The document also describes the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amakosae (Xhosa)
  topic: keywords
subject: amaXhosa
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony history
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- Fontier
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- population statistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial Expansion -- Dutch
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial Expansion -- British
  topic: keywords
subject: amaXhosa -- Genealogies
  topic: keywords
subject: Xhosa culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Rites of Passage
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Morgan
rights: Copyright (c) 1833 Public Domain
date: 1833-12-31
publication date: 1833-12-31
starting page: 33
ending page: 48
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2692

An epitome of African zoology
type: item
description: This work is presented as an Epitome of African Zoology, intended to serve as a concise and accessible guide to the animals inhabiting Africa, its islands, and surrounding seas. Authored by Dr A. Smith, M.D., it was commissioned by the South African Literary and Scientific Institution in 1833 to address the significant lack of readily available, organised information on local natural history. Dr Smith acknowledges that while systematic works on zoology exist, the relevant African data is scattered, making it inaccessible to most individuals in the region. His compilation aims to bring together all available information in a concise and connected form, with the hope of inspiring others to fill the gaps. The author notes that the details relating to South Africa are "tolerably complete," as they were supplied from Dr Smith's personal observations and research. However, information concerning other parts of Africa is acknowledged to be more deficient, having been gathered from limited sources. The work employs standard Linnaean taxonomic classification, introducing the method used by naturalists to indicate the dental formula of mammiferous animals using fractional notation (e.g., incisors i44​, canines c11​, molars m55​), and proceeds to describe specific orders and genera, such as the genus Troglodytes (e.g., Troglodytes niger or Chimpanzee). The document thus marks a significant early effort to systematically catalogue and formalise the zoological knowledge of the region based on local observation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- Natural history
  topic: keywords
subject: Taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mammiferous Animals
  topic: keywords
subject: Animals -- Dental Formula
  topic: keywords
subject: South African Literary and Scientific Institution
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrew Smith
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Public Domain
date: 1833-12-31
publication date: 1833-12-31
starting page: 16
ending page: 32
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2691

A notice of the progress of the expedition lately sent out from Liverpool to trade in the Niger
type: item
description: This document reports on the initial progress and severe setbacks faced by a Liverpool-funded expedition sent to establish trade on the Niger River in 1833, utilising two steamships and a provision brig. The expedition, which was mostly staffed by personnel unfamiliar with the coast, suffered immediate and devastating sickness and mortality shortly after departing Sierra Leone, leading to "discontent, approaching to mutiny." A critical error identified was the failure to employ Kroomen for demanding tasks such as wooding and watering, which forced unacclimated officers and men into dangerous exposure during the rainy season. The vessels arrived at the River Nun entrance in October 1832. Internal friction arose when Mr Lander (already famous for his Niger discoveries) was unexpectedly relegated from command within the river to the son of a principal owner. Despite this, Lander facilitated diplomatic relations and trade. Highlights included a successful meeting with a chief who had previously aided Lander, resulting in exchanges of gifts, including British uniforms and arms. However, the expedition faced increasing challenges upriver: Navigational Difficulties: The river proved to be shallow, with steamers stirring up mud at a depth of six feet. Commercial Opposition: The local Bonney people actively sought to undermine the new trade by bribing chiefs to oppose the expedition's progress. Conflict: The vessels were eventually forced to burn several villages due to continuous annoyance and firing from inhabitants. After four to five months upriver, almost all personnel had been sick or died. Lander himself, suffering from dysentery and lack of proper attendance, was forced to return downriver to the brig and eventually reached Fernando Po for recuperation in April 1833. The overall sentiment, according to Lander, was that the expedition could still succeed with alterations, primarily the crucial employment of Kroomen for boat work. The report concludes with Lander's int…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Liverpool Merchants (Trade Venture)
  topic: keywords
subject: Richard Lander
  topic: keywords
subject: West Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Sierra Leone
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Coast
  topic: keywords
subject: Acra
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Formosa
  topic: keywords
subject: River Nun
  topic: keywords
subject: River Navigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Steam Boats
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysentery
  topic: keywords
subject: Lack of Kroomen
  topic: keywords
subject: War Palaver
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1833 Public Domain
date: 1833-06-18
publication date: 1833-06-18
starting page: 13
ending page: 15
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2690

An account of the Amakosae, a tribe of Caffers adjoining the Eastern Boundary of the Cape Colony
type: item
description: This abridged account, written by Assistant Staff-Surgeon N. Morgan, provides a detailed ethnographic and historical overview of the Amakosae (sic) (Xhosa) tribe, who abutted the Eastern Boundary of the Cape Colony in the early 1830s. The paper begins by tracing the history of European encroachment at the Cape, noting that Dutch expansion and aggressive land acquisition led to the subjugation of the original Khoi inhabitants. It establishes that the Xhosa, simultaneously expanding from the east, met the colonists around the formation of the Graaff-Reinet district (c. 1786), resulting in a century of conflict marked by seizure, conquest, and predatory incursions. By 1825, the Xhosa had been forced to relinquish land west of the Keiskamma River, transitioning into a trading relationship with the colonists. The text describes the Xhosa territory's rectangular geography (approx. 10,000 square miles), bounded by mountains, the Bashee River, and the sea, noting its healthy climate and abundance of Mimosa and bush. A detailed account of Xhosa political history and genealogy follows, despite the challenges of relying on oral tradition. The Chiefs trace their lineage back to a common ancestor, Um Conde, approximately two centuries prior. The account focuses on the major political division between the line of U'Caleka (leading to the principal chief U'Henza) and the line of U'Raraba (leading to Gika and his regent, U'Maaquomo), detailing the civil wars and external conflicts (especially against the Tambookies).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amakosae (Xhosa)
  topic: keywords
subject: amaXhosa
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony history
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- Fontier
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- population statistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial Expansion -- Dutch
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial Expansion -- British
  topic: keywords
subject: amaXhosa -- Genealogies
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Morgan
rights: Copyright (c) 1833 Public Domain
date: 1833-12-31
publication date: 1833-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.21504/saqj.21.2689

Rules and Regulations of the South African Institution
type: item
description: This document, "RULES REGULATIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTION," printed in Cape Town in 1830, formally establishes the rules and structure for a scientific and exploratory body founded on June 17, 1829. The primary objective of the Institution is to investigate the Geography, Natural History, and general Resources of South Africa. Key Rules and Organisational Structure Support and Membership: The Institution is funded by contributions, subscriptions, and other resources. It comprises several membership categories: Ordinary Members (who hold voting power), Privileged Members, Honorary Members (eminent scientists residing abroad), Corresponding Members (those promoting the Institution's objectives), and Annual Subscribers (both Resident and Non-Resident). Admission for Ordinary and Corresponding Members requires a recommendation and a ballot. Governance: The Institution is led by Office-Bearers elected annually from the Ordinary Members, including a Patron (optional Chairman), a President (Chairman in Patron's absence), Four Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, Two Secretaries, and Nine Members of Council. The Council is responsible for the sole charge of funds, making By-Laws, and managing Repositories, with major property sales or purchases requiring sanction from Ordinary Members. Activities and Meetings: General Monthly Meetings (last Wednesday of the month) are held for hearing approved Essays, Communications, and Committee Reports. General Annual Meetings (first Monday in June) include reports from officers, a discourse on the progress of knowledge, and the election of Office-Bearers. The Museum, Gardens, and other Repositories are to be open to the public under Council-fixed regulations. Initial Members: The document includes a list of initial Privileged Members (including His Excellency the Hon. Sir G. L. Cole) and numerous Ordinary Members (e.g., Rev. Dr Adamson, Rev. F. Fallows, Dr Smith), demonstrating immediate, high-level support within the Colony. In summa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: South African Institution
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- organisations
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-Century Natural History
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century botany
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century ethnography
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-Century Science
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitution
  topic: keywords
creator: South African Institution
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-06-01
publication date: 1830-06-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.21504/saqj..2688

Proceedings of the Natural History Society of the Mauritius
type: item
description: The proceedings detail the vibrant activity of the Natural History Society of the Mauritius between October 1830 and August 1831, emphasising the acquisition of its first official meeting space at the Royal College and the commencement of its Library and Herbarium. Highlights of the sessions include: Recognition and Growth: The Society established formal reciprocal membership and publication agreements with the South African Institution. It received high international praise, notably from Baron Cuvier, who ordered his bust to be presented (which arrived on the second anniversary of his birthday, August 24, 1831). Mr W. Bojer received a gold medal and 1,000 piastres from the Emperor of Austria for his work. Scientific Reports: Papers covered diverse local subjects: the description of a new fish genus, Platésome (Battoir); an analysis of the Polypes and Polypiers (corals); the observation of rare birds like the Cuckoo (Cuculus Canorus); and a geological description of the Souffleur (Southern coast). Technological and Applied Science: Discussions included Captain Pole's new method for steam-ships, Dr. Lyall's demonstration of an Apparatus for rapid cooking, and his lecture on the use of lime (specifically avoiding Madrepore lime) for sugar clarification. Significant Historical/Fossil Find: A critical note clarifies that bone fragments believed to belong to the Dodo (Didus ineptus) were found in a cavern on Isle Rodrigue in 1786, not accidentally among Mauritius fossils, as previously reported by European journals. Physical Observations: Mr. Faraguet presented a geometric table on the variation of sea temperature with depth (based on Astrolabe data), and a report confirmed that the heat in Cornish mines increases by 1∘ Fahrenheit for every 65 feet of depth. Foreign Relations: The Queen of the Ovas in Madagascar sponsored a course in practical chemistry for her subjects. The Society also received donations and reports from visitors concerning New Zealand cannibalism and …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Natural History Society of the Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural History Society of the Mauritius -- Proceedings of
  topic: keywords
subject: Royal College
  topic: keywords
subject: Baron Cuvier
  topic: keywords
subject: Sir H. Davy
  topic: keywords
subject: Sir C. Colville
  topic: keywords
subject: Professor Hooker
  topic: keywords
subject: Sir W. E. Parry
  topic: keywords
subject: Commerçon
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century botany
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical Geography
  topic: keywords
creator: Natural History Society of the Mauritius
rights: Copyright (c) 1831 Public Domain
date: 1831-10-01
publication date: 1831-10-01
starting page: 130
ending page: 140
doi: 10.21504/saqj.15.2680

Natural History Society of the Mauritius
type: item
description: This Annual Report chronicles the establishment and first year of operations for the revitalised Natural History Society of the Mauritius, which began its formal labours in 1829. The report details the Society's broad scientific engagement across various disciplines, with the central aim of compiling a comprehensive Fauna and Flora of Mauritius. Key Achievements and Papers: Physical Sciences: Proposals were made by Mr. Hioart for establishing a Meteorological Observatory to predict the approach of hurricanes. Geology: Members studied the island's volcanic structure (Geognosie), debunking the Madrepore theory for the Isle of Ambre. Mr G. Bouton concluded that the Grand Basin rests in an extinct volcano crater. Botany: The section highlights descriptive works on indigenous and cultivated species, including Mr W. Bojer's description of the new Hybiscus Genevii and his work documenting over 70 varieties of the Mango. Mr G. Bouton investigated the unusual phenomenon of a fruit-bearing male Papaw tree. Zoology: Mr J. Desjardins compiled a memoir on the 26 species of mammals on the island (mostly introduced). Extensive work was done on Birds and Reptiles, including the description of three new skinks (Scincus Telfairii, S. Bojerii, S. Boutonii). Papers were presented on the local fish, annelids, and Crustacea, with Mr Delisse (Father) proposing a new crustacean genus, Scyllibacus. The rare appearance of a snake, Coluber rufus, was noted. The report concludes by noting the Society is thriving, with 39 members, financial resources, and a treasury of more than 50 memoirs and descriptions produced in its first year.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Natural History Society of the Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Lyceum
  topic: keywords
subject: Cuvier
  topic: keywords
subject: La Place, Astrolabe
  topic: keywords
subject: Dr. R. Lyall
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. C. Telfair
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. J. Desjardins
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. W. Bojer
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. G. Bouton
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Faraguet
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology -- Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Geography -- Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: La Riviere du Rempart
  topic: keywords
subject: Les Plaines Wilhems
  topic: keywords
subject: Grand Basin
  topic: keywords
subject: Isle of Ambre
  topic: keywords
subject: Isle Rodrigue
  topic: keywords
subject: Fossil Tortoises (Flacq)
  topic: keywords
subject: Madagascar
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: Fauna of Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Fauna of Madagascar
  topic: keywords
subject: Flora of Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Meteorology
  topic: keywords
creator: Natural History Society of the Mauritius
rights: Copyright (c) 1831 Public Domain
date: 1831-10-01
publication date: 1831-10-01
starting page: 122
ending page: 130
doi: 10.21504/saqj.15.2679

Local Intelligence
type: item
description: Section 1: Poisoning Investigation in Paris This article details a judicial and chemical investigation into a series of food poisoning cases that occurred among the customers of a Paris pastry-cook after consuming a ham-pie. The initial case involved a family of three who suffered severe symptoms approximately three hours after eating the ham, including violent pain, vomiting, extreme tenderness of the belly, and profuse purging. The attending physician suspected carbonate of copper (natural verdigris) from the pastry-cook's moulds. However, a subsequent chemical analysis of the pie's remains and the patient's discharges, conducted by M. Olivier and M. Barruel, disproved this initial suspicion. Using reagents such as sulphuretted hydrogen, nitric acid, and ferrocyanate of potash on incinerated and extracted samples, the analysts concluded that there was no trace of arsenic, copper, antimony, or lead in the remains. M. Olivier's final conclusion was that the ham had, in some manner, acquired the "poisonous properties sometimes remarked in German sausages, cheese, and ham," suggesting a form of bacterial spoilage or ptomaine poisoning rather than heavy metal contamination. Section 2: Criminal Convictions in the Cape Colony (Autumn 1830) This is a statistical table summarising the Criminal Convictions handed down at the Circuit Courts of the Cape Colony during the Autumn of 1830, presented before the Hon. Mr Justice Menzies. The table records a total of 102 convictions across ten different magisterial districts (e.g., Albany, Graaff-Reinet, Stellenbosch). The most frequent crimes were Theft (52 convictions) and Assault (20 convictions). The convictions are broken down by race, revealing the demographic composition of those found guilty: Europeans: 50 convictions Khoi: 31 convictions San: 12 convictions Africans: 8 convictions Slaves: 1 conviction The table provides a clear, quantitative snapshot of the colonial judicial proceedings and the prevalence of various crimes …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Toxicology
  topic: keywords
subject: Poisoning
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Verdigris
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical Investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Investigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Crime & Punishment, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal statistics -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 463
ending page: 464
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2678

South African Institution
type: item
description: At the first meeting (date unclear, but preceding September 1st), Dr Bailey and Mr Nisbet were elected Ordinary Members. Lieutenant I. Biddulph, R.N., of Bathurst, was elected a Corresponding Member. Two scientific papers were read: A continuation of "Remarks on the Geology of South Africa" by the Rev. Dr Thom of Tulbagh. A continuation of the "History of the Cape Colony" by the Rev. M. Borcherds of Stellenbosch, covering the second year of Van Riebeeck's government. Items tabled included a Register of the weather at Algoa Bay during 1826 and 1828, forwarded by Captain Evatt, and a Chart of the Harbour at Port Natal, forwarded by Mr Frances. At the Ordinary Monthly Meeting held on Wednesday, September 1st, Mr J. Cloete of Cape Town was admitted as a member. The papers read were: A continuation of "Remarks on the Culture of Exotic Vegetables" by Mr Bowie. Extracts from the Journal of Mr Andrew Bain, detailing his visit to some of the interior tribes. Both the Bowie and Bain papers were printed in that issue of the South African Journal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Captain Evatt
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Watermeyer (Chairman)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Frances
  topic: keywords
subject: Dr. Bailey
  topic: keywords
subject: Dr. Thom
  topic: keywords
subject: Rev. M. Borcherds
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Bowie
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Andrew Bain
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. J. Cloete
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Nisbet
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Town, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Tulbagh, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Stellenbosch, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Port Natal, Natal Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Algoa Bay, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Bathurst, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- Natural history
  topic: keywords
subject: Lieutenant I. Biddulph
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 463
ending page: 463
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2677

Miscellaneous Intelligence
type: item
description: This section of "Miscellaneous Intelligence" covers a wide array of topics related to gardening, agriculture, natural history, and colonial news, primarily through notes compiled from Loudon’s Gardener's Magazine and various scientific society reports. Horticulture and Products: The section details successful methods for packing fruit trees for exportation (using earth/water paste and either a mat or wet moss, with a preference for the mat method). An account of Mr. Knight's visit to Haarlem describes the extensive Hyacinth bulb cultivation, noting the extremely light, sandy soil and the practice of using liquid cow-dung to stabilize the surface. The notes also describe various unusual pyramidal and dwarf-trained fruit trees. Colonial Agriculture: Reports from New South Wales indicate great success with tobacco and promising futures for the opium poppy, olive tree, and vine, suggesting wine and oil could become major exports. It defends the appearance of native Australian foliage, attributing its "grotesque" reputation to the practice of burning forests. Materia Medica and Botany: Several medicinal plants are described: the Columbo root (Locculus-palmatus) from East Africa (used for dysentery), Angustura bark (Bomplandia) from South America (a tonic), and various uses of oak bark and Croton Eleuteria. Detailed instructions are provided for cultivating the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and preparing opium, noting successful trials in Britain. Also described are the unique Balsam of Gilead (Amyris gileadensis) and the geographically restricted Double Cocoa-nut palm (Seychelles). Medical and Practical Use: D. Fanning reports on the curative powers of the Guaco Plant in South America against the bites and stings of poisonous snakes, as well as its use for rheumatism and gout. Separate notes recommend growing tobacco plants for preparing a decoction to use as an effective insecticide for cottagers, alongside the use of lime-water. Agriculture & Science: Notes cover Mr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Horticulture
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century botany
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- Natural history
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: Gardening
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical Geography
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology
  topic: keywords
subject: Astronomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal sciences
  topic: keywords
subject: Arts
  topic: keywords
subject: Statistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Economics
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 451
ending page: 462
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2676

Eclipse of the moon - September 2, 1830
type: item
description: This article provides a record and explanation of the appearances observed during the Total Lunar Eclipse of September 2, 1830. The author prefaces the description by noting the superior clarity and distinctness of celestial objects when viewed through the pure atmosphere of the observation location, compared to those in the North. The paper first explains the mechanics of an eclipse, defining the two parts of the Earth's shadow: the dark inner umbra and the lighter outer penumbra. The primary focus, however, is on the effects of the Earth's atmosphere, which significantly modifies the Moon's appearance during an eclipse: Refraction: The bending of the Sun's rays as they pass through the atmosphere shortens the umbral cone, ensuring the Moon rarely disappears completely, as it receives light even in the darkest part of the shadow. The author references La Place's calculation that this refracted light makes the Moon's centre only about one-fiftieth of its full brilliance. Dispersion: The scattering of light into different colours (like a prism) is responsible for the Moon's colour. During the greatest obscurity, the Moon exhibited a "fiery brazzy hue" (reddish-orange), caused by the lower, denser atmosphere refracting mainly red rays inward. The penumbra had a purple tint. The author also makes observations on the Moon's surface during the eclipse, noting that different portions shone with different degrees of brightness, particularly a ring of greater illumination around the disc, broadest toward the poles. This observation leads to a discussion of the possibility of water/snow on the Moon, concluding that due to the rare, shallow atmosphere and cold temperatures, any water must exist as a "covering of changeless snow."
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Astronomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Eclipse of the Moon
  topic: keywords
subject: Umbra
  topic: keywords
subject: Penumbra
  topic: keywords
subject: Lunar Orbit
  topic: keywords
creator: J.A.
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 447
ending page: 450
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2675

Notes on South African geology
type: item
description: This article, a collection of geological notes by Mr Grisbrook, summarises various mineral and fossil discoveries across several regions of the Cape Colony (now South Africa). The observations highlight the abundance of: Fossils: The Zwart-kop and Zondag Rivers (Uitenhage District) are noted for their rich marine petrifactions and vegetable fossils. The Cedar-Mountains and Bokkeveldts are cited as the main source for the extensive collection of the colonial geologist, Dr Thom. Minerals: Discoveries include Martial-pyrites and quartz in the Zwart Ruggens; exceptional hexagonal quartz (including fluid-filled specimens) at Bruintjes Hoogte; carbonate of lime and the "beautiful green mineral" Prehnite in the Sneeuwbergen; and agates, crystalline substances, and amianthus along the Orange River. Namaqualand is known for its iron ores, and the Kamies Mountains are renowned for their mica, quartz, and feldspar deposits. Formations: The Cango Caverns and the caverns at the Knysna River entrance are noted for large crystalline carbonate of lime formations (stalactites). The paper also references the valuable limestone quarries on the Oliphants River and the geological interest of the deep ravines near George, which reveal the nature of the great primitive mountain range base. Fossil Wood: The remains of a significant fossil tree near Plettenberg's Bay are mentioned, with specimens housed in the Cape Town Museum. The notes serve as a descriptive inventory of significant mineralogical and palaeontological sites, providing valuable, though unsynthesized, geological intelligence for the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mineralogy -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Petrifactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Fossils
  topic: keywords
subject: Vegetable Fossils
  topic: keywords
subject: Martial-Pyrites
  topic: keywords
subject: Shistone (Clay-Slate)
  topic: keywords
subject: Quartz (Hexagonal Quartz, Opake-Quartz)
  topic: keywords
subject: Agate
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbonate of Lime
  topic: keywords
subject: Prehnite
  topic: keywords
subject: Native Saltpetre
  topic: keywords
subject: Amianthus
  topic: keywords
subject: Limestone
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron-Ores
  topic: keywords
subject: Mica
  topic: keywords
subject: Feldspar
  topic: keywords
subject: Stalactites
  topic: keywords
subject: Zwart-kop River
  topic: keywords
subject: Zondag River
  topic: keywords
subject: Zwart Ruggens
  topic: keywords
subject: Bruintjes Hoogte
  topic: keywords
subject: Sneeuwbergen
  topic: keywords
subject: Karroo
  topic: keywords
subject: Orange River
  topic: keywords
subject: Cango (Caverns)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cedar-Mountains
  topic: keywords
subject: Bokkeveldts
  topic: keywords
subject: Oliphants River
  topic: keywords
subject: Namaqualand
  topic: keywords
subject: Kamies Mountains
  topic: keywords
subject: Knysna
  topic: keywords
subject: Plettenberg's Bay
  topic: keywords
subject: Langekloof
  topic: keywords
subject: Uitenhage
  topic: keywords
subject: Algoa Bay
  topic: keywords
creator: C. H. Grisbrook
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 446
ending page: 447
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2674

Analysis of the calcareous tuffa at Green Point
type: item
description: This article is a letter from J. H. Trepgorp to Dr A. Smith, detailing the chemical analysis of a specimen of calcareous tuffa (limestone) collected from Green Point, Cape Town (Cape Colony). The author performed several experiments on 100-grain samples of the stone: Sulphuric Acid Treatment: This method isolated and measured the Aluminous earth content, which was determined to be 4 grains (4%). Nitric Acid Treatment: This experiment measured the volatile components and the insoluble residue. It expelled 38 grains of Carbonic Acid and left 12 grains (12%) of Siliceous earth undissolved. Calcination: By heating the sample, the total loss of mass was 42 grains. Allowing 4 grains for water, the remaining 38 grains confirm the proportion of Carbonic Acid. From these results, Mr Trepgorp concluded the approximate composition of the stone per 100 lbs. is: Carbonate of Lime: ≈ 84 lbs. Siliceous Earth: 12 lbs. Aluminous Earth: 4 lbs. (Including a small portion of water) The analysis identifies the stone as being primarily Carbonate of Lime.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Calcareous Tuffa
  topic: keywords
subject: Limestone
  topic: keywords
subject: Green Point, Cape Town
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Mineralogy -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
creator: J. H. Tredgold
rights: Copyright (c) 1829 Public Domain
date: 1829-10-14
publication date: 1829-10-14
starting page: 445
ending page: 445
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2673

On human Bones discovered in the caves of France
type: item
description: This article (abridged from the Edinburgh Journal of Science, No. V.) reports on the discovery of human bones and artefacts mixed with the remains of extinct fauna in three distinct caves in France: Bize, Pondres, and Souvignargues. In the Caverns of Bize, human bones and teeth were found in both calcareous concretions and in the black and red mud, alongside marine and land shells and fragments of earthenware. In the Caverns of Pondres, human remains and pottery were similarly confounded with those of a diverse terrestrial mammalian fauna, including species like rhinoceros, aurochs, various horses, deer, and the fossil hyena (Hyæna Spelæa). The remains in Souvignargues were found close to the underlying rock. A key focus of the comparison was to establish the antiquity of the human remains. By comparing the cave bones with those from ancient Gaulish sarcophagi (dated 14 to 15 centuries old), the bones from the caves were inferred to belong to an epoch far remoter. Furthermore, the crude nature of the accompanying pottery suggested it belonged to the "first infancy of human arts," predating Roman influence in Gaul. M. de Serres concludes that: Since the appearance of man, certain species of terrestrial mammalia have been completely destroyed (extinct). The remains of our species are incontestably mixed and found in the same geological circumstances with certain terrestrial mammalia previously considered antediluvian. This challenges the contemporary view that humans did not coexist with these ancient, extinct species.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geology
  topic: keywords
subject: Caves -- France
  topic: keywords
subject: Diluvium
  topic: keywords
subject: Osseous Breccia
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Bones
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Teeth
  topic: keywords
subject: Earthenware (Pottery)
  topic: keywords
subject: Terrestrial Mammalia
  topic: keywords
subject: Antediluvian
  topic: keywords
subject: Hermite (Caves of France)
  topic: keywords
subject: Pondres
  topic: keywords
subject: Bize
  topic: keywords
subject: Souvignargues
  topic: keywords
subject: Lunel-Viel
  topic: keywords
creator: M. de Serres
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 443
ending page: 444
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2672

On the horse sickness
type: item
description: This article presents one of the earliest detailed clinical, pathological, and epidemiological accounts of the disease historically known as “Horse Sickness” in the Cape Colony, now recognised as African horse sickness. Drawing on nine years of observation in the Graaff-Reinet district, District Surgeon Thomas Perry reports on the disease’s symptoms, progression, environmental triggers, and fatal outcomes. He documents repeated outbreaks from 1819 to 1829, noting extremely high mortality rates among horses and the rapid course of the illness. Perry offers meticulous post-mortem observations—including severe pulmonary inflammation, congestion, and the presence of yellow frothy exudate in the lungs and trachea—identifying respiratory obstruction as the immediate cause of death. The paper also evaluates local beliefs, treatment attempts, and preventative practices. Perry argues that early intervention through aggressive bleeding, purgatives, and counter-irritation may offer limited benefit but only if administered at the very onset of symptoms, which are often subtle. He rejects the notion that the disease is infectious, suggesting instead an atmospheric or climatic cause linked to sudden temperature changes and exposure to cold, particularly in low-lying “Thornveld” areas. High-altitude grazing lands are proposed as the safest preventative measure. The article represents a foundational historical record of African horse sickness pathology, veterinary practice, and environmental understanding in early 19th-century Southern Africa.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African horse sickness
  topic: keywords
subject: Horse Sickness (19th century)
  topic: keywords
subject: Epizootic disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Veterinary pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Horses, Pulmonary inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: Equine mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial veterinary science
  topic: keywords
subject: Early veterinary epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony history
  topic: keywords
creator: Thomas Perry
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-07-22
publication date: 1830-07-22
starting page: 438
ending page: 442
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2671

On the substance called “Fine Linen” in the Sacred Writings
type: item
description: This article (abridged from the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal) examines the material referred to as “fine linen” in the Sacred Writings and argues that its interpretation has long been obscured by inconsistent terminology in ancient sources. While commonly understood as high-quality flax-based linen, the author challenges this assumption and traces historical debates among translators and commentators, including Calvin, Junius, and Tremellius, who proposed that the term might denote silk or silk-like substances. Scott contends that these interpretations more closely align with cotton, a soft fibre produced by several plant species—Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium herbaceum, and Bombax ceiba—cultivated in regions such as Egypt, Palestine, and India. Drawing on classical authorities such as Pliny, Ammianus, and Isidore, the article demonstrates how Greek and Roman writers frequently conflated cotton with linen, silk, or wool due to the limited technical vocabulary available at the time. Scott analyses the Hebrew term shesh, exploring its connection to whiteness and its application to various white materials, from textile fibres to marble. He further considers the limited presence of the word “cotton” in early English translations, noting that “fine linen” may have been used as an approximate rendering due to linguistic constraints at the time. The article concludes that many garments described in the Hebrew Scriptures—particularly those associated with priests, persons of high rank, and burial practices—were likely made of cotton rather than flax-based linen. Evidence from Egyptian embalming traditions and classical descriptions supports the claim that cotton, not flax, is the more plausible referent of the biblical term translated as “fine linen.”
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cotton in antiquity
  topic: keywords
subject: Biblical textiles
  topic: keywords
subject: Shesh (שֵׁשׁ)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ancient Egypt textiles
  topic: keywords
subject: Hebrew Scriptures
  topic: keywords
subject: Gossypium species
  topic: keywords
creator: David Scott
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 434
ending page: 437
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2670

On the culture of tobacco
type: item
description: This article reviews and summarises Brodigan’s Treatise on the Tobacco Plant as published in the Gardener’s Magazine, with particular focus on the history and agricultural practice of tobacco cultivation in Ireland. The review outlines the introduction of tobacco to Ireland in the 16th century, subsequent legislative restrictions, and the gradual expansion of the crop in the early 19th century. Detailed accounts are provided of Brodigan’s methods for sowing, transplanting, field preparation, protection of young plants, and techniques for summer management. The article further describes Brodigan’s multi-stage curing and fermentation processes, including temperature ranges, handling, drying, and preparation for storage. Comparative remarks are offered on American and French practices, suggested improvements to Irish curing methods, and the potential use of drying-houses heated by flues or steam. The review concludes with commentary on the economic viability of tobacco as a crop in Ireland, its labour demands, its role in rural employment cycles, and simplified approaches for smallholders and gardeners. Observations are also included on basic manufacturing practices for smoking tobacco, snuff, ropes, and rudimentary cigars.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tobacco cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Brodigan’s Treatise
  topic: keywords
subject: Tobacco curing
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century farming practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Tobacco manufacture
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 429
ending page: 434
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2669

Extracts from the journal kept during a visit to some of the interior tribes of southern Africa, in the year 1826
type: item
description: This journal extract details the experiences of Mr Andrew Geddes Bain during his 1826 expedition into the interior of Southern Africa, focusing on his visit to the Baralong tribe led by King Towan, and his subsequent journey toward the Bawanketzie kingdom. I. Visit to the Baralongs (August 14–16) Bain describes his arrival at Towan's temporary kraal, where he was greeted with a tumultuous yet friendly reception, though the women and children fled in terror of the "Macooa" (white man). The chief, Towan, was initially taciturn and reserved, only becoming more communicative after receiving a gift of tobacco. The greatest challenge at Towan's camp was the execrable water of the Mallopo River pool, which was composed of mud and animal/human waste. Despite the filth, Bain noted the Baralongs were preparing to move to their old town, expecting Bain's party to accompany them, an offer which Bain declined. II. Geography, Trade, and Customs Mallopo River: Its bed was not a running stream but a vley (pool), said to originate in the Bamarootzie country (N.E.). Trade: Towan bartered a single ox, but the Baralongs discouraged the travellers from proceeding, spinning exaggerated tales of Mantatee cruelties, which Bain strongly doubted. Customs: Bain noted the Bichuana hooka (a water pipe made from a gemsbok horn) used for smoking tobacco. He also observed the singular custom of all Bichuana kraals being built at a distance (half a mile to three miles) from their water sources, possibly to attract wild animals into their surrounding pit-falls. III. Journey to the Bawanketzies (August 16–20) The party departed without a guide, relying on their compass, until their paid guide, Manghela, rejoined them. The route was difficult, passing through a thick camel-thorn forest. Bain noted a scarcity of water, forcing the use of contaminated pool water, which caused illness (Hospital Wood). At Korea (August 17), the wells were deep pits in the sand, frequently choked by elephants. The party ev…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Southern Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: African exploration
  topic: keywords
subject: Expeditions -- Southern Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Baralong (Barolongs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Towan (Chief)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bawanketzie (Bakwena/Nuaketzies)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mallopo River
  topic: keywords
subject: Bichuana
  topic: keywords
subject: Sibigho (King)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mantatee (people)
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrew Geddes Bain
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 415
ending page: 428
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2667

Abstract of a journal kept at the Mauritius, of the barometrical movements during the hurricane of the 23d February, 1824
type: item
description: This article presents meteorological observations, focusing on barometric pressure, recorded at an elevation of 900 feet above sea level during a severe hurricane that struck Mauritius on 23 February 1824. Pre-Storm Conditions (Feb 18–22): The preceding days were stormy with short gales, constant rain, and frequent thunder. However, the barometer—the sole reliable indicator of danger—was only slightly affected, never dropping more than one-tenth below its standard, and thus offered no warning of the impending catastrophe. Other signs included oppressive air, gloomy sky, clouded mountains, and heavy sea swells. Hurricane Progression (Feb 23): The wind increased overnight, and by 6 A.M. on the 23rd, the barometer had dropped to 28" 9', officially declaring the hurricane. Thermal and General Observations: The thermometer remained remarkably steady at 73∘ throughout the entire gale. The greatest recorded range for the thermometer during February 1824 was 13∘. Other monthly statistics included 21 days of rain, 10 days of thunder/lightning, 5 rainbows, and 8 lunar rainbows. The observations confirm the standard hurricane pattern: an initial severe gale, a significant barometric drop to the minimum pressure at the centre/eye, a temporary lull with an associated change in wind direction, followed by a second severe gale as the storm passes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Meteorology
  topic: keywords
subject: Meteorology -- Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Mauritius
  topic: keywords
subject: Hurricane
  topic: keywords
subject: Barometer
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 413
ending page: 414
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2665

Remarks on the culture of exotic vegetables, adapted for the soil and climate of South Africa
type: item
description: This paper is the third part of a series of articles. See the first part: https://doi.org/10.21504/saqj.13.2653. This paper provides detailed horticultural instructions for the successful cultivation of several valuable exotic plants—Coffee, Turmeric, Ginger, Arrow-root, Chestnut, and Walnut—within the climate and soil conditions of the South African Cape Colony. Cultivation Highlights: Coffee (Coffea Arabica): Best raised from fresh seeds in a sandy loam. Plants should be set out at six feet apart in a quincunx pattern. Crucially, they must be headed down (pruned) to 9–12 inches initially to encourage lateral, fan-like branches, limiting height to 10–12 feet for better yields and easier gathering. The author suggests certain districts (Graaff-Reinet, Albany, George) are particularly suited, but doubts the profitability of large plantations due to foreign competition. Spice/Tuber Plants (Curcuma, Zingeber, Maranta): Turmeric, Ginger, and Arrow-root require similar treatment, mimicking their native habitat: moist, sheltered, and shaded locations with a rich, black vegetable soil (humus), which must often be substituted for the natural loam/clay. Covering beds with decayed leaves is essential to maintain warmth and moisture. For quick growth, especially for Arrow-root, water should be applied from reservoirs (warm water), not directly from cold springs, to avoid retarding growth. Nut Trees (Castanea, Juglans): Chestnut (Castanea Vesca): Recommended for both timber and fruit. Prefers sandy loam with a dry bottom. Propagation is via large nuts; early fruit can be obtained by grafting by approach (arching) onto established trees. Walnut (Juglans Regia): Requires loamy soil with sand/gravel. Fruit can be hastened by grafting and ringing (removing a ring of bark, then plastering the wound). The author emphasises that the primary goal of this expanded culture is to enhance the domestic comforts and resources of the community, rather than solely creating articles for exporta…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Exotic plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Agriculture -- Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Afforestation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Drought mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century botany
  topic: keywords
subject: Horticultural experimentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant propagation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Coffee (Coffea Arabica)
  topic: keywords
subject: Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
  topic: keywords
subject: Ginger (Zingeber Officinale)
  topic: keywords
subject: Arrow-root (Maranta Arundinacea)
  topic: keywords
subject: Chestnut (Castanea Vesca)
  topic: keywords
subject: Walnut (Juglans Regia)
  topic: keywords
subject: Exotic Cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Adaptation
  topic: keywords
creator: J. Bowie
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 408
ending page: 413
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2664

Substance of the journal of two trading travellers, and of the communications of a missionary, regarding their recent visits to the countries in the rear of the Portuguese Settlement ot De la Goa Bay
type: item
description: This paper presents extracts from the journal of two trading travellers, Scoon and Luckie, detailing their 1829 expedition from the Griqua country (Campbell's Dorp) through the Sichuana (Bichuana) territory towards the interior regions in the rear of De la Goa Bay. I. Route and Geography The journey began at Campbell's Dorp (June 16, 1829) and proceeded generally N.E., crossing the Hart River and passing various fountains (Daniel's Kuyl, Bootschap, Kriegar's, Patti). The route traversed large, red, sandy flats and eventually reached improving country with fine pasturage and mimosa forests. The explorers crossed several rivers, including the Mala Moloppo (separating the Morolong and Morutze tribes) and the Moriqua River. The Moriqua River is described as rapid, clear, and about 40 feet wide, running N. by N.E. before entering a high ridge of mountains (running E. and W.), which the natives say leads to the sea. The travellers traced it for 150 miles. The terrain becomes mountainous (general range E. and W.) near the Morutzi town of Hammasiclia. II. Indigenous Tribes and Settlements The expedition passed through Morolong and Morutze territory, meeting Batlokwa Bichuanas and Corannas. The travellers visited a deserted Kurreechane (Chuan) and a new town (c. 2000 inhabitants) where they were admitted to copper and iron mines. The iron ore was so rich it required only three beatings to form into bars. They were met by messengers from Malacatzie, a Zulo/Mantatote captain (brother to the late Chaka), who extended a strong invitation and offered oxen. They encountered extraordinary living arrangements, including 17 conical huts built in the branches of a single tree (likely a mimosa) for shelter from the numerous lions. III. Trade and Political Context The travellers reached Malacatzie's main kraal (c. 3,000 head of cattle) and conducted a highly profitable trade, valued at nearly £1800 sterling. Malacatzie ruled over about 80,000 people (Zoolah in language, dress, and arms)…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Expeditions -- Southern Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: De la Goa Bay
  topic: keywords
subject: Sichuana (Tswana)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bichuana
  topic: keywords
subject: Griqua
  topic: keywords
subject: Zulus
  topic: keywords
subject: Mantatotes
  topic: keywords
subject: Malacatzie
  topic: keywords
subject: Moriqua River
  topic: keywords
subject: Missionaries
  topic: keywords
subject: Rev. Mr. Archbell
  topic: keywords
creator: John Centlivres Chase
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 402
ending page: 407
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2663

Notes on the formation of extensive conglomerate and gravel deposits
type: item
description: This paper (extracted from the Philosophical Magazine of March, 1830) investigates the adequacy of currently observable geological processes ("actual causes")—specifically the action of seas and rivers—to explain the formation of extensive, ancient conglomerate and gravel deposits found in the Earth's crust. De la Beche examines three main mechanisms: Action of Tidal Seas on Coasts: The sea primarily acts to throw rounded gravel (shingles) back onto the land, forming beaches and barriers (such as the Chesil Bank), especially during gales. There is little evidence of these large pebbles travelling outwards into deep oceanic waters to be consolidated. Action of Rivers on their Beds: Rivers are most effective at producing gravel in rapid, mountainous regions. However, natural obstacles, such as lakes, frequently interrupt their course, causing them to deposit their detritus locally (e.g., the Rhone and Ticino depositing gravel in the Lakes of Geneva and Maggiore). Long rivers typically transport only sand or mud to the sea, not pebbles. Discharge into Seas (Tidal/Tideless): Large rivers discharging into seas generally carry fine detritus (sand/mud) to form deltas or bars. Small tidal rivers are often blocked up by the sea, which forces the detritus back towards the land. Conclusion: The author argues that contemporary processes, acting over time, can only produce gravel/shingle along narrow coastal lines or limited riverbeds. To account for the extensive, widespread, and voluminous conglomerate deposits observed in the geological record, a greater and more general force is required. This force is attributed to violent movements in the mass of waters—debacles or deluges—which must have resulted from the great, planet-wide convulsions and dislocations of strata (faults and mountain building) that occurred at various epochs. These major catastrophic events would have provided the power needed to collect and amass vast quantities of gravel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geological conglomerates
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology
  topic: keywords
subject: Gravel deposits
  topic: keywords
subject: Shingle beaches
  topic: keywords
subject: Debacles (deluges)
  topic: keywords
subject: Tidal seas
  topic: keywords
subject: Catastrophism
  topic: keywords
creator: Henry T. de la Beche
rights: Copyright (c) 1930 Public Domain
date: 1930-09-30
publication date: 1930-09-30
starting page: 393
ending page: 402
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2662

A description of the birds inhabiting the south of Africa
type: item
description: The continuation of Dr Andrew Smith's paper focuses on several species of raptors (birds of prey) found in southern Africa, primarily describing their physical characteristics (plumage, size, and colour of soft parts) and, in some cases, their habits and distribution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: South African birds
  topic: keywords
subject: Ornithology
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-Century Natural History
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural History of South Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Taxonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Buzzard (Buteo)
  topic: keywords
subject: Harrier (Circus)
  topic: keywords
subject: Kites (Milvus and Elanus)
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrew Smith
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 380
ending page: 392
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2661

A list of plants found in the District of Uitenhage, between the months of July, 1829, and February, 1830, together with a description of some new species
type: item
description: This paper presents a preliminary catalogue of the flora observed by Mr C. F. Ecklon in the Uitenhage District (Eastern Cape Colony) between July 1829 and February 1830. The author, aiming to publish a comprehensive Flora of South Africa, adopted a plan to survey the plants of each district over a year. Ecklon identifies the Winterhoek Mountains as the potential boundary separating the distinctive Cape Flora (characterised by genera like Protea and Erica) from the Caffrarian Flora, which exhibits numerous tropical forms (Schotia, Acacia, Hibiscus, Gardenia, etc.). He notes that about one-fifth of the species found in Uitenhage are also found in the Cape district, while the remaining four-fifths are distinct to this area. The total number of species catalogued during this limited survey is approximately 1640. The collection was made across nine distinct stations (A-I), including the Adow, the hills near Uitenhage, the Zwartkops River fields and banks, Algoa Bay seashore, and the Winterhoek Mountains, with each station possessing a unique soil and vegetation profile. The author follows K. Sprengel’s systematic classification, noting the remarkable richness and variety of the local flora, as almost every one of the hundred families used to classify global plant life is represented by at least one genus in the district. The paper includes descriptions of several new species, such as Dioscorea sylvatica, Drimia Uitenhagensis, Drimia nitida, Drimia ensifolia, Cyanella rosea, Olea humilis, and Chironia perfoliata, and provides notes on the uses of certain plants by local inhabitants (e.g., Zamia stems, Aloe africana resin, Emex leaves).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: South African flora
  topic: keywords
subject: Uitenhage District
  topic: keywords
subject: Botanical Survey
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Catalogue
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographical Distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Flora
  topic: keywords
subject: Caffrarian Flora
  topic: keywords
subject: Zwartkop River
  topic: keywords
creator: C. F. Ecklon
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 358
ending page: 380
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2660

An historical account of the formation, progress, and present state of the European Colony at the Cape of Good Hope
type: item
description: This continuation (see https://doi.org/10.21504/saqj.13.2648) of a historical account details the early development of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) settlement at the Cape of Good Hope under Commander Jan van Riebeeck from January to October 1653. The narrative, derived from Van Riebeeck’s journals and Council Records, focuses on the daily challenges and progress of the nascent colony. Key events include the Commander’s efforts to maintain morale through acts of clemency, the persistent and often tense cattle barter with the local Saldanhians (including a successful expedition led by the chaplain), and early agricultural experiments, such as threshing the first wheat. The settlement faced immediate external threats and internal difficulties: news of the war between Holland and England prompted urgent fortification efforts, while incidents such as lion attacks, illness, and a major locust plague threatened stability. Relations with the indigenous population are detailed, culminating in the major theft of 42 head of cattle, likely by the interpreter Harry and his associates, leading to increased security measures. The account also records the arrival of French competition in sealing at Saldanha Bay, the formal establishment of a second-in-command (Jacob Ryniersz), and the solemnization of the first lawful marriage at the Fort. Ultimately, the period is characterised by Van Riebeeck’s diligent efforts to extend the colony's plan, achieve self-sufficiency, and defend the settlement against both human and natural challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Colonial History
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape of Good Hope
  topic: keywords
subject: Jan van Riebeeck
  topic: keywords
subject: Dutch East India Company (VOC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cattle Barter
  topic: keywords
subject: Saldanhians
  topic: keywords
subject: Fort Good Hope
  topic: keywords
subject: Early European Settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Harry the Interpreter
  topic: keywords
subject: Dutch-English War (1653)
  topic: keywords
subject: Khoikhoi
  topic: keywords
creator: M. Borchers
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-09-30
publication date: 1830-09-30
starting page: 345
ending page: 358
doi: 10.21504/saqj.14.2659

Local Intelligence
type: item
description: This is a statistical report covering the admission of "Lunatics" to the Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, from 1826 to 1830. The report includes a detailed table listing 78 individual cases admitted during the period, providing information on the date of admission, age, occupation, suspected cause of the disease (where known), nationality, and ultimate outcome (e.g., cured, discharged, died). Key findings and statistics include: Total Admissions (1829): The summary table shows 380 total cases admitted in 1829, broken down by month and demographic (Whites, Free Blacks, Slaves). Exciting Cause: The principal cause appears to be continued inebriety (alcoholism), which accounts for nearly one-third of the cases. Nationality & Demographics (1826–1830): The tabular breakdown of 78 cases reveals a diverse patient population, with the largest numbers originating from the Cape (13 cases), England (13 cases), and Holland (6 cases). Cure Rate: The cure rate amounts to about one-sixth of the total number. Hospital Suitability: The report explicitly states that the Somerset Hospital is "very ill adapted either for the cure or reception of Lunatics," but the high cost precludes any immediate hopes of building a proper Lunatic Asylum to remedy the inconvenience. The report also notes that, based on limited recent cases, the disease on first attack appears equally violent in colored and European subjects, although the latter seem "more influenced by mental causes."
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lunacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Somerset Hospital (Cape Town)
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health, Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital Admissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Inebriety/Alcoholism
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Demographics
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital Adaptation, 1826–1830
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-06-30
publication date: 1830-06-30
starting page: 242
ending page: 344
doi: 10.21504/saqj.13.2657

Miscellaneous Intelligence
type: item
description: This section of miscellaneous intelligence encompasses a diverse range of topics across the Arts, Agriculture, Natural History, and Medicine. Arts & Engineering Cylindrical Railway-Carriage: An invention by Mr P. Fleming of New York, described by Dr Jones. The carriage uses a hollow cylinder with external iron rims/hoops for wheels. Goods can be stowed inside, or long materials (like bars or lumber) can pass through it. Traction sometimes uses an endless rope mechanism to save friction. For passenger transport or goods that must not revolve, a weighted inner cylinder is suspended on the axis to remain stationary while the outer cylinder rolls, though this returns somewhat to the ordinary wagon principle. Agriculture Lime Kilns: Mr Menteath advocates for narrow kilns with nearly perpendicular sides (in the shape of an egg or oval) as they burn lime more quickly and efficiently, yielding approximately three measures of lime shells for every measure of coal, compared to wide kilns that require nearly one measure of coal for every two measures of lime. Oleaginous Plants: Discusses the importance of fixed oils (Olive, Nut, and seed oils) derived from plants like the olive, rape, poppy, and flax. It notes that cultivation of oleaginous herbs often exhausts the soil, but the remaining oil cake serves as excellent manure due to the presence of azote. Lucerne in Scotland: Mr Cunninghame reports that Lucerne (Medicago sativa) thrives best on deep, soft loam or any dry soil with a loose subsoil. It is a valuable fodder crop and an effective substitute for tares. He claims an acre of lucerne produces at least one-third more green food or hay than clover and rye-grass. Natural History & Medicine Dragon Flies (Libellula): Describes the highly predatorial habits of the insect in its perfect (aerial) state, and its fascinating aquatic nymph stage. The nymph is noted for its unique mode of locomotion via ejecting a jet of water from its anal/respiratory extremity (functioning as a s…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Railway Carriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Cylindrical Railway-Carriage
  topic: keywords
subject: P. Fleming
  topic: keywords
subject: Lime Kiln Construction
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Menteath
  topic: keywords
subject: Oleaginous Plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Lucerne Cultivation (Scotland)
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicago sativa
  topic: keywords
subject: Mr. Cunninghame
  topic: keywords
subject: Libellula
  topic: keywords
subject: Dr. Villermé
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Pathology
  topic: keywords
subject: Animal disease
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-06-30
publication date: 1830-06-30
starting page: 325
ending page: 341
doi: 10.21504/saqj.13.2656

Annual Report of the South African Institution, 1830
type: item
description: This is the Annual Report of the South African Institution for 1830, summarising its initial year of operations, limited resources, and future prospects. The Institution expresses satisfaction with its successful commencement, the general interest generated, and the cordiality of its proceedings, despite some minor difficulties. Its primary goal is to investigate the Geography, Natural History, and General Resources of South Africa. Key activities and results detailed in the report include: Correspondence and Agency: The Institution established contact with talented individuals in country districts to gather information from intelligent observers across the extensive South African domain. Publications: Transactions are recorded in the South African Quarterly Journal to diffuse knowledge. Incentives: An early effort to propose honorary premiums for communications was unsuccessful, leading the Council to award two medals instead. Mechanical Arts: A medal was voted to Mr Naude for his ingenious model of a carriage utilising large rolling casks, which significantly reduces axle friction compared to common wagons, especially on railroads. Scientific Investigation: Statistics/Surveying: Efforts are underway to collect data on streams, elevations, and mountain ranges, underscoring the need for meteorological and surveying instruments. Geology: New notices suggest the extensive presence of Transitional rocks (lower fossiliferous series), different from the characteristic primitive granites, encouraging further detailed investigation of the strata. Botany: Efforts focused on practical results, including a local flora outline and the culture of exotics. A medal was awarded to Mr Bowie for useful notices on this subject. The Council is enthusiastic about establishing its own Experimental and Systematic Garden. Zoology/Museum: This department shows the most progress, with significant advances toward a local Fauna (led by Dr Smith's research). The Institution received a major ma…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: South African Institution
  topic: keywords
subject: South African Institution -- Annual Report 1830
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonial science
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-Century Natural History
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony -- organisations
  topic: keywords
subject: Cape Colony
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century zoology
  topic: keywords
subject: Minerals
  topic: keywords
subject: Conchology
  topic: keywords
subject: 19th-century botany
  topic: keywords
subject: Geology
  topic: keywords
rights: Copyright (c) 1830 Public Domain
date: 1830-06-30
publication date: 1830-06-30
starting page: 315
ending page: 321
doi: 10.21504/saqj.13.2655