Observations relative to the origin and history of the Bushmen

Abstract

This paper presents observations on the Origin and History of the Bushmen (Bosjiesman), a group the author considers a subdivision of the Khoikhoi race. Dr Smith begins by noting the rapid decay and intermixture of the genuine Khoikhoi, stressing the urgency of recording information about the remaining "savage portion" of the race before its extinction.

Origin and History

Smith disputes the then-current opinion that the Bushmen were solely created by the "outrages of the colonists." While acknowledging colonial oppression may have augmented their numbers by creating poverty, he argues that the group existed from time immemorial and that their origin is rooted in poverty and crime. This includes people driven by misfortune or imprudence (poverty) and those expelled from society due to criminal behaviour (crime). Historical evidence and traditions show their ancient existence across various South African districts, including the Great Karoo and Namaqualand, long before significant European influence reached those areas.

Characteristics and Society

• Population: Consists mainly of pure Khoikhois, with the rest being mixed-race individuals or outcasts from other groups. The population is small and scattered.
• Social Structure: They lack established laws, hereditary rulers, or permanent governments, with individuals acting as their own "lawgiver." Temporary leaders are acknowledged only for war or the chase, based on strength or cunning.
• Physical/Mental: They possess great acuteness and energy, displaying a constant sense of apprehension and fear due to their "outrageous conduct" towards neighbours. They are patient of toil, vigorous, and fast, being able to keep pace with horses for days. Their senses of sight and hearing are "amazingly acute." They are also noted for being treacherous and deeply versed in deceit, yet also possess "personal bravery" and an astonishing coolness and indifference towards death.
• Behaviour: Cruelty and revenge are noted as strong and frequently exercised feelings, sometimes even toward their own relations or offspring. They are disposed to act upon momentary impulse, showing a total want of thought for future consequences.
• Language: Their language is a dialect of Khoikhoi, often modified ("Cnese tal") for communication amongst themselves or for secrecy during exploits, leading strangers to mistakenly think it a radically distinct language.