Hotness revisited

metaphor and environment in discourse on African music

Authors

  • Lyndsey Hoh Copeland University of Toronto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21504/amj.v12i1.2432

Keywords:

Benin, Brass Bands, Climate, Ecomusicology, Hot Rhythm, Metaphor, Richard Waterman, West Africa

Abstract

This article revisits a familiar trope in African music studies: “hot rhythm.” By tracing the lineage of the “hot” concept through twentieth and twenty-first century Africanist scholarship, I demonstrate the prevalence of foreign-made metaphors in contemporary African music studies and suggest scholars rethink whose metaphor and whose hotness they employ. What is the relationship of the metaphorically hot to phenomenal sensations of hotness? And what is the relationship of the “hot” concept to lived experiences of heat? I explore the relevance of heat as a material condition and hotness as a condition of being to music making in Africa with reference to ethnographic research with amateur brass band musicians in the Republic of Benin. This essay’s primary contribution is to apply an ecomusicological critique to an enduring climatic metaphor in African music discourse. My appeal to rethink the long-accepted analytical metaphor of “hot rhythm” further strives to destabilise entrenched theories of African music formulated by foreign scholars and instead focus attention on African concepts and experiences.

Author Biography

Lyndsey Hoh Copeland, University of Toronto

Lyndsey Hoh Copeland, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Ethnomusicology at the University of Toronto. Copeland was previously a Lecturer in Stanford University’s Department of Music and Postdoctoral Fellow at the Stanford Humanities Center. Copeland’s articles on amateur brass band performance in the Republic of Benin are published in the journals, Ethnomusicology Forum (2018) and Africa (2019), the
latter of which received the 2020 Early Career Prize awarded by the British Forum of Ethnomusicology.

References

Allen, Aaron S. 2016. “Ecomusicology from Poetic to Practical.” In Handbook of Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology. vol. 2. ed. Hubert Zapf, 644–663. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110314595-035.

Agawu, Kofi. 1995a. African Rhythm: A Northern Ewe Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Agawu, Kofi. 1995b. “The Invention of ‘African Rhythm’.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 48 (3): 380–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/3519832.

Agawu, Kofi. 2003. Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. London: Routledge.

Agawu, Kofi. 2016. The African Imagination in Music. London: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263201.001.0001.

Appert, Catherine M. 2018. In Hip Hop Time: Music, Memory, and Social Change in Senegal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arom, Simha. (Original work published 1985) 1991. African Polyrhythm & Polyphony: Musical Structure and Methodology, Translated by Martin Thom Barbara Tuckett, and Raymond Boyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518317.

Blacking, John. 1973. How Musical Is Man? Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Blum, Stephen. 1991. “European Musical Terminology and the Music of Africa.” In Comparative Musicology and the Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology, edited by Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman, 3–36. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Bouche, Pierre Bertrand. 1885. Sept Ans en Afrique Occidentale: La Côte des Esclaves et le Dahomey. France: E. Plon Nourrit.

Brown, John. 1855. Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, A Fugitive Slave, Now in England. Edited by L. A. Chamerovzow. London: W.M. Watts.

Bruinders, Sylvia. 2017. Parading Respectability: The Cultural and Moral Aesthetics of the Christmas Bands Movement in the Western Cape, South Africa. Makhanda: NISC (Pty) Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgc617j.

Burns, James. 2012. “Cooling the Road: The Role of Music within the Southern Ewe Funeral Ceremony.” Mortality 17 (2): 158–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2012.675235.

Charry, Eric. 2000. Mande Music. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Chernoff, John Miller. 1979. African Rhythm and African Sensibility: Aesthetics and Social Action in African Musical Idioms. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Chernoff, John Miller. 1997. “‘Hearing’ in West African Idioms.” World of Music 39 (2): 19–25.

Chumley, Lily Hope, and Nicholas Harkness. 2013. “Introduction: Qualia.” Anthropological Theory 13 (1–2): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499613483389.

Collins, John. 1992. West African Pop Roots. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Copeland, Lyndsey. 2018. “Pitch and Tuning in Beninese Brass Bands.” Ethnomusicology Forum 27 (2): 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2018.1518151.

Copeland, Lyndsey. 2019. “The Anxiety of Blowing: Experiences of Breath and Brass Instruments in Benin.” Africa 89 (2): 353–77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972019000123.

Dave, Nomi. 2019. The Revolution’s Echoes: Music, Politics, and Pleasure in Guinea. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226654775.001.0001.

Dettmann, Christine. 2019. “The Calf of the Wild: Sound, Embodiment, and Oral Poetry among Cattle Herders in Southwestern Angola.” MUSICultures 46 (2): 3361.

Devine, Kyle. 2019. Decomposed: The Political Ecology of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10692.001.0001.

Dirksen, Rebecca. 2018. “Haiti, Singing for the Land, Sea, and Sky: Cultivating Ecological Metaphysics and Environmental Awareness through Music.” MUSICultures 45 (1/2): 112–36.

Dor, George Worlasi Kwasi. 2015. “Exploring Indigenous Interpretive Frameworks in African Music Scholarship: Conceptual Metaphors and Indigenous Ewe Knowledge in the Life and Work of Hesinɔ Vinɔkɔ Akpalu.” Black Music Research Journal 35 (2): 149–83. https://doi.org/10.5406/blacmusiresej.35.2.0149.

Erlmann, Veit. 1996. Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practice in South Africa. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Feld, Steven. 1981. “‘Flow like a Waterfall’: The Metaphors of Kaluli Musical Theory.” Yearbook for Traditional Music 13:22–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/768356.

Feld, Steven. 2012. Jazz Cosmopolitanism in Accra: Five Musical Years in Ghana. Durham: Duke University Press.

Fiagbedzi, Nissio. 2005. “An Essay on the Nature of the Aesthetic in the African Musical Arts.” Self-published manuscript.

Friedson, Steven M. 1996. Dancing Prophets: Musical Experience in Tumbuka Healing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Friedson, Steven M. 2008. Remains of Ritual: Northern Gods in a Southern Land. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Garcia, David F. 2014. “Contesting Anthropology’s and Ethnomusicology’s Will to Power in the Field: William R. Bascom’s and Richard A. Waterman’s Fieldwork in Cuba, 1948.” MUSICultures 4 (2): 1–33.

Garcia, David F. 2017. Listening for Africa: Freedom, Modernity, and the Logic of Black Music’s African Origins. Durham: Duke University Press.

Guy, Nancy. 2009. “Flowing Down Taiwan’s Tamsui River: Towards an Ecomusicology of the Environmental Imagination.” Ethnomusicology 53 (2): 218–48.

Harkness, Nicholas. 2019. “Qualia.” In The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology, edited by James Stanlaw and Jack Sidnell. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118786093.

Herskovits, Melville J. 1930. “The Negro in the New World: The Statement of a Problem.” American Anthropologist 32 (1): 145–55. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1930.32.1.02a00070.

Hoffman, Kelly M, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R Axt, and M Norman Oliver. 19 April, 2016. “Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (16): 4296–301. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113.

von Hornbostel, Erich M. 1926. “American Negro Songs.” International Review of Missions 15: 748–53.

von Hornbostel, Erich M. 1928. “African Negro Music.” Africa 1 (1): 30–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/1155862.

Iyanaga, Michael. 2015. “On Flogging the Dead Horse, Again: Historicity, Genealogy, and Objectivity in Richard Waterman’s Approach to Music.” Ethnomusicology 59 (2): 173–201. https://doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.59.2.0173.

Jindra, Michael, and Joël Noret. 2011. Funerals in Africa: Explorations of a Social Phenomenon. New York: Berghahn Books.

Jones, A. M. 1951. “Blue Notes and Hot Rhythm.” African Music Society Newsletter 1 (4): 9–12.

Jones, A. M. 1959. Studies in African Music. vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press.

Kaur, Inderjit N. 2019. “A Multisensorial Affective Ecology of Sonic Worship: The Sikh Sacred Song Culture.” MUSICultures 46 (2): 109–33.

Kubik, Gerhard. 1999. Africa and the Blues. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

Les Ange, Roger. 1956. Au Dahomey: Pays des Fétiches et des Hommes-Trompettes.

Lie, Siv B. 2020. “Music That Tears You Apart: Jazz Manouche and the Qualia of Ethnorace.” Ethnomusicology 64 (3): 369–93. https://doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.64.3.0369.

Locke, David. 2015. “Sweetness in Agbadza Music: Expressiveness in an Item of Agbadza Singing and Drumming.” In J.H. Kwabena Nketia Festschrift: Discourses in African Musicology, ed. Kwasi Ampene, Akosua Adomako Ampofo, Godwin K. Adjei, and Albert K. Awedoba, 102–109. Michigan: African Studies Center.

Marcotullio, Peter J., Carsten Keßler, and Balázs M. Fekete. 2021. “The Future Urban Heat Wave Challenge in Africa: Exploratory Analysis.” Global Environmental Change 66: 102–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102190.

Maultsby, Portia K. (Original work published 1990) 2005. “Africanisms in African American Music.” In Africanisms in American Culture. 2nd ed., edited by Joseph Holloway, 326–355. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Maxwell, Heather. 2008. “Of Youth-Harps and Songbirds: The Sweet Music of Wasulu.” African Music 8 (2): 26–55. https://doi.org/10.21504/amj.v8i2.1780.

Meintjes, Louise. 2004. “Shoot the Sergeant, Shatter the Mountain: The Production of Masculinity in Zulu Ngoma Song and Dance in Post-apartheid South Africa.” Ethnomusicology Forum 13 (2): 173–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1741191042000286185.

Meintjes, Louise. 2017. Dust of the Zulu: Ngoma Aesthetics After Apartheid. Durham: Duke University Press.

Merriam, Alan. 1959. “Characteristics of African Music.” Journal of the International Folk Music Council 11:13–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/834848.

Merriam, Alan. 1962. “The African Idiom in Music.” Journal of American Folklore 75 (296): 120–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/538173.

Munn, Nancy D. 1986. The Fame of Gawa: A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim (Papua New Guinea) Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Myers, Helen, ed. 1992. Ethnomusicology: An Introduction. London: Macmillan.

Nketia, J.H. Kwabena. 1984. “The Aesthetic Dimension in Ethnomusicological Studies.” World of Music 26 (1): 3–28.

Nketia, J.H. Kwabena. 1986. “African Music and Western Praxis: A Review of Western Perspectives on African Musicology.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 20 (1): 36–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1986.10804143.

Noret, Joël. 2010. Deuil et Funérailles dans le Bénin Méridional. Enterrer à Tout Prix. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles.

Ochoa Gautier, Ana María. 2016. “Acoustic Multinaturalism, the Value of Nature, and the Nature of Music in Ecomusicology.” Boundary 2 43 (1): 107–41. https://doi.org/10.1215/01903659-3340661.

Okanla, Karim. 2018 June 17. “Feeling the Heat.” D+C Development and Cooperation. https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/erosion-and-other-impacts-climate-change-urban-life-benin.

Oxford English Dictionary Online. n.d. “Metaphor, n.” Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/117328?redirectedFrom=metaphor.

Pereira, Laura. 2017. “Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture across Africa.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.292.

Perlman, Marc. 2014 June 16. “Ecology and Ethno/musicology: The Metaphorical, the Representational, and the Literal.” Ethnomusicology Review (Sounding Board). https://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/content/ecology-and-ethnomusicology-metaphorical-representational-and-literal.

Politz, Sarah. 2018. “‘People of Allada, This Is Our Return’: Indexicality, Multiple Temporalities, and Resonance in the Music of the Gangbé Brass Band of Benin.” Ethnomusicology 62 (1): 28–57. https://doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.62.1.0028.

Radano, Ronald. 2000. “Hot Fantasies: American Modernism and the Idea of Black Rhythm.” In Music and the Racial Imagination, ed. Ronald Radano and Philip V. Bohlman, 459–480. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Radano, Ronald. 2003. Lying up a Nation: Race and Black Music. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Radano, Ronald, and Philip V. Bohlman, eds. 2000. Music and the Racial Imagination. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Skinner, Ryan Thomas. 2015. Bamako Sounds: The Afropolitan Ethics of Malian Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816693498.001.0001.

Spotify. 2021. “Spotify Expands International Footprint, Bringing Audio to 80+ New Markets.” https://newsroom.spotify.com/2021-02-22/spotify-expands-international-footprint-bringingaudio-to-80-new-markets/.

Steingo, Gavin. 2015. “Sound and Circulation: Immobility and Obduracy in South African Electronic Music.” Ethnomusicology Forum 24 (1): 102–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2015.1020823.

Steingo, Gavin. 2016. Kwaito’s Promise: Music and the Aesthetics of Freedom in South Africa. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/:10.7208/chicago/9780226362687.001.0001.

Steingo, Gavin. 2019. “Listening as Life: Sounding Fetal Personhood in South Africa.” Sound Studies 5 (2): 155–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2019.1621082.

Taussig, Michael. 2004. My Cocaine Museum. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226790152.001.0001.

Thompson, Robert Farris. 1973. “An Aesthetic of the Cool.” African Arts 7 (1): 40–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334749.

Titon, Jeff Todd. 2009. “Music and Sustainability: An Ecological Viewpoint.” World of Music 51 (1): 119–37.

Tracey, Hugh. 1948. Ngoma: An Introduction to Music for Southern Africans. London: Longmans, Green.

United Nations Development Program. 2018 June 28. “Benin Adopts National Legislation On Climate Change.” https://www.adaptation-undp.org/benin-adopts-national-legislation-climate-change.

Washington, Harriet A. 2006. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Harlem Moon.

Waterman, Richard A. 1948. “‘Hot’ Rhythm in Negro Music.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 1 (1): 24–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/829662.

Waterman, Richard A. 1952. “African Influence on the Music of the Americas.” In Acculturation in the Americas: Proceedings and Selected Papers of the XXIXth International Congress of Americanists, edited by Sol Tax, 207–218. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Waterman, Richard A. 1963. “On Flogging a Dead Horse: Lessons Learned from the Africanisms Controversy.” Ethnomusicology 7 (2): 83–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/924543.

Waterman, Christopher. 1991. “The Uneven Development of Africanist Ethnomusicology: Three Issues and a Critique.” In Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology, edited by Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman, 169–186. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

West, Harry. 2007. Ethnographic Sorcery. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226894126.001.0001.

White, Bob W. 2008. Rumba Rules: The Politics of Dance Music in Mobutu’s Zaire. Durham: Duke University Press.

Wilson, Olly. 1974. “The Significance of the Relationship between Afro-American Music and West African Music.” Black Perspective in Music 2 (1): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/1214144.

Downloads

Published

2022-02-28

How to Cite

Copeland, Lyndsey Hoh. 2022. “Hotness Revisited: Metaphor and Environment in Discourse on African Music”. African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music 11 (3):91-122. https://doi.org/10.21504/amj.v12i1.2432.