Just anchor institutions
a case study of a University promoting inclusive economic growth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21504/ajhece.v2i1.2543Keywords:
Sustainable Development GoalsAbstract
The concept of a just anchor institution emphasises the obligation of higher education institutions (HEIs) to contribute holistically to advance social justice in the local communities in which they are anchored, and can serve as a framework for HEI community engagement. Furthermore, within the higher education sector, community engagement initiatives can be positioned to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those related to economic growth. SDG 8, in particular, is focused on decent work and economic growth. This paper explains how a South African university introduced a programme to promote inclusive economic growth through enterprise development and supplier development, utilising existing legislative frameworks to achieve this goal. The Masakhe Enterprise and Supplier Development Programme at Rhodes University encompasses economic, infrastructural, and educational components. A justice perspective on the concept of an anchor institution is used to analyse the project and the broader role of the Community Engagement Division, focusing on principles of creating shared value, accessibility, visibility, and empowerment. Data collection methods included interviews and documentation related to the project. A content analysis approach was used to analyse the data. The main findings of the study highlight the value of a just anchor institution framework for the holistic development of local communities in realising the SDGs. The case study also highlights the significance of a sustained relationship between the anchor institution and its local community, as well as how broad-based black empowerment legislation can serve as a source of funding for the inclusive economic development of small enterprises.
References
Afful, S. L., Bentum-Ennin, I., & Bondzie, E. A. (2025). Financial development and informal economy in Ghana: Exploring the nexus and implications for economic growth and formalization. Development and Sustainability in Economics and Finance, 5, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsef.2024.100038
Allen, J., Prange, K., & Trent, S. (2017). Collective Impact Strategies: Introduction to the Special Issue. Metropolitan Universities, 28(4), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.18060/21780
Arya, B., & Bassi, B. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility and Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Legislation in South Africa: Codes of Good Practice. Business & Society, 50(4), 674–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650309332261
Auditor-General South Africa. (2025). Audit outcomes over past 5 years. Makana Local Municipality. https://mfma-2024.agsareports.co.za/municipality/1-makana
Baliti, N. (2024, December 2). Community Members Now Fed Up with Half-Decade-Long Makhanda Water Crisis. Karibu! A Working Class Newspaper. https://karibu.org.za/community-members-now-fed-up-with-half-decade-long-
makhanda-water-crisis/
Bank, L. J. (2018). Approaches to the university, place and development. In L. J. Bank, N. Cloete, & F. Van Schalkwyk (Eds.), Anchored inPlace (pp. 1–23). African Minds.
Bank, L. J., Cloete, N., Van Schalkwyk, F., & African Minds (Eds.). (2018). Anchored in place: Rethinking higher education and development in South Africa. African Minds. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1479159
Barry, S., Collins, D. H., Jolliffe, P., & Lees, P. (2025, June 11). Rhetoric versus the reality: The university as an anchor institution to facilitate the social bridging capital of a worker co-operative. HRD 4.0: An Academic, Practical and Policy Perspective. 25th International UFHRD Conference, Ulster University, Belfast.
Bell, S. (2019). Re-imagining the university as anchor institution. Transform: The Journal of Engaged Scholarship, 4, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.T2024071000010001526868564
Blaauw, D. (2025). South Africa’s informal economy: The need to lift the veil. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 18(1), a1087. https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v18i1.1087
Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chankseliani, M., & McCowan, T. (2021). Higher education and the Sustainable Development Goals. Higher Education, 81(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00652-w
Compagnucci, L., & Spigarelli, F. (2020). The Third Mission of the university: A systematic literature review on potentials and constraints. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120284
Corazza, L., Truant, E., Cottafava, D., & Dhir, A. (2024). Higher Education Institutions and Multistakeholders’ Engagement: A Longitudinal Study of an Anchor Institution’s Legitimacy and Dynamism. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71,
13572–13585. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2023.3265263
Crane, A., Palazzo, G., Spence, L. J., & Matten, D. (2014). Contesting the Value of “Creating Shared Value.” California Management Review, 56(2), 130–153. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2014.56.2.130
Dano, N. (2016). Investigating youth perceptions of youth participation in development: A focus on community engagement as a platform for youth/student participation at Rhodes University (Doctoral dissertation, Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa).
Dellve, L., Fonn, S., Köhlin, G., & Skagert, K. (2025). Achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal 8: Economic Growth and Decent Work For All (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032624723
Dellve, L., Fonn, S., Kohlin, G., & Skagert, K. (2025). Dellve et al. - 2025—Achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal 8 Economic Growth and Decent Work For All.
Department of Higher Education and Training. (2013). White Paper for Post-School Education and Training Building an Expanded, Effective and Integrated Post-School System (p. 96). Department of Higher Education and Training.
Dostilio, L. D. (2023). Future Trends in Engagement Practice and those who Advance Practice. In L. R. Sandmann & D. O. Jones, Building the Field of Higher Education Engagement (1st ed., pp. 237–239). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003443353-17
Dube, N., & Hendricks, E. A. (2023). The Praxis and Paradoxes of Community Engagement as the Third Mission of Universities: A case of a selected South African university. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 131–150. https://dx.doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5643
Ehlenz, M. M. (2016). Neighborhood Revitalization and the Anchor Institution: Assessing the Impact of the University of Pennsylvania’s West Philadelphia Initiatives on University City. Urban Affairs Review, 52(5), 714–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087415601220
Ehlenz, M. M. (2018). Defining University Anchor Institution Strategies: Comparing Theory to Practice. Planning Theory & Practice, 19(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2017.1406980
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. Sage Open, 4(1), 2158244014522633. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Findler, F., Schönherr, N., Lozano, R., Reider, D., & Martinuzzi, A. (2019). The impacts of higher education institutions on sustainable development: A review and conceptualization. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2017-0114
Fongwa, S. (2021). Universities as anchor institutions in place-based development: Implications for South African universities engagement. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5693
Forbes, J., & Rust, A. (2019). Responses of selected enterprises to amended broad-based black economic empowerment legislation. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(1), 360–369. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(1).2019.31
Garomssa, H. (2025). The entrepreneurial university concept as a narrative of change in HEIs. Studies in Higher Education, 50(2), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2338884
Garton, P. (2021). Types of Anchor Institution Initiatives: An Overview of University Urban Development Literature. Metropolitan Universities, 33(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.18060/25242
Goddard, J. B., Hazelkorn, E., Kempton, L., & Vallance, P. (Eds.). (2016). The civic university: The policy and leadership challenges.
Guerrero, M., Cunningham, J. A., & Urbano, D. (2015). Economic impact of entrepreneurial universities’ activities: An exploratory study of the United Kingdom. Research Policy, 44(3), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.10.008
Guerrieri, K. G., Ivanic, A. S., Hannasch-Haag, D., & Gonzalez, J. (2023). Reimagining Business Education Through University-Community Microenterprise Collaborations. Metropolitan Universities, 34(3). https://doi.org/10.18060/26842
Harris, M. S. (2021). The Soft Underbelly of Universities as Anchor Institutions: The Disconnect Between University and Community Research Priorities. Higher Education Policy, 34(3), 603–621. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-019-00156-y
Hornby, D., & Maistry, S. M. (2025). Universities as anchor institutions: Integrating the element of trust for developing transformational community university partnerships: Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning, 13(2), 178–201. https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v13iSI2.2528
Jeffrey, C. (2025). Builder, broker, beacon and base: Universities as anchor institutions. Progress in Human Geography, 49(6), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325251350307
Kania, J., & Kramer, M. (2011). Collective impact. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 9(1), 36–41.
Kaplan, D. (2008). Science and Technology Policy in South Africa: Past Performance and Proposals for the Future. Science, Technology & Society, 13(1), 95–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/097172180701300104
Kebea, J. J. (2019). Developing the Student Anchor Engagement Framework. Metropolitan Universities, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.18060/22408
Kinol, A., Miller, E., Axtell, H., Hirschfeld, I., Leggett, S., Si, Y., & Stephens, J. C. (2023). Climate justice in higher education: A proposed paradigm shift towards a transformative role for colleges and universities. Climatic Change, 176(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03486-4
Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change—Key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004
Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. In Forum qualitative sozialforschung/forum: Qualitative social research (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-30). Institut fur Klinische Sychologie and Gemeindesychologie.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Measuring the reliability of qualitative text analysis data. Quality and quantity, 38(6), 787-800.
Kumari, R., Kwon, K.-S., Lee, B.-H., & Choi, K. (2020). Co-Creation for Social Innovation in the Ecosystem Context: The Role of Higher Educational Institutions. Sustainability, 12(307), 21. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/su12010307
Lang, S. (2023, October 12). Census 2022 in Makana. Grocott’s Mail. https://grocotts.ru.ac.za/2023/10/12/census-2022-in-makana/
Leal Filho, W., Simaens, A., Paço, A., Hernandez-Diaz, P. M., Vasconcelos, C. R. P., Fritzen, B., & Mac-Lean, C. (2023). Integrating the Sustainable Development Goals into the strategy of higher education institutions. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 30(5), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2023.2167884
Makana Municipality. (2022). Makana Municipality Final Integrated Development Plan 2021-2022.
Matai-Sigudla, O., & Masuku, L. (2024, April 23). High unemployment levels concern local business leaders in Makhanda business sector. Grocott’s Mail. https://grocotts.ru.ac.za/2024/04/23/high-unemployment-levels-concern-local-
business-leadersmakhanda-business-sector/
Matyobeni, T., & Maistry, S. (2023). Promoting Engaged Scholarship Through Digital Storytelling: An Evaluation Of Rhodes University Community Engagement Social Innovation Hub. Journal for New Generation Sciences, 21(2), 49-60.
Mbah, M. (2019). Can local knowledge make the difference? Rethinking universities’ community engagement and prospect for sustainable community development. The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2018.1462136
Mbatha, N. (2025, June 5). One missing pump: How Makhanda’s water crisis could end tomorrow. Grocott’s Mail. https://grocotts.ru.ac.za/2025/06/05/one-missing-pump-how-makhandas-water-crisis-could-end-tomorrow/
McCauley-Smith, C., Smith, S., Nantunda, L., & Zhu, X. (2022). The role of anchor institutions in creating value for SMEs: Insights from North East of England owner-managers. Studies in Higher Education, 47(6), 1121–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1861593
Menghwar, P. S., & Daood, A. (2021). Creating shared value: A systematic review, synthesis and integrative perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(4), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12252
Mkentane, L. & Khumal, K. (2025, November 11). Nearly a quarter of SA's workforce hold informal jobs. Business Day. https://www.businessday.co.za/news/2025-11-11-sa-unemployment-falls-to-319-in-third-quarter-as-jobs-rise/
Mohale, M. A. (2021). Community engagement in higher education: Developments after the first institutional audit cycle. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5675
Netshandama, V. O. (2021). The (im)possibility of monitoring and evaluating the impact of community engagement performance in South African universities: A review. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5667
Nicholls, A., & Murdock, A. (2012). Social Innovation: Blurring Boundaries to Reconfigure Markets. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230367098#page=20
Nyaku, R., & Morrow, R. (2024, April 28). Dysfunctional SA municipalities are killing small businesses. Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-04-28-dysfunctional-sa-municipalities-are-killing-small-businesses/
O’Farrell, L., Hassan, S., & Hoole, C. (2022). The university as a Just anchor: Universities, anchor networks and participatory research. Studies in Higher Education, 47(12), 2405–2416. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2072480
Perry, D., & Villamizar-Duarte, N. (2018). Universities as urban anchor institutions and the social contract in the developed world. In L. J. Bank, N. Cloete, & F. Van Schalkwyk (Eds.), Anchored in Place (pp. 23–41). African Minds.
Rhodes University Community Engagement 2023 - 2025. Strategic Plan. Rhodes University Community Engagement. https://www.ru.ac.za/communityengagement/about/
Rhodes University. (2024, February 19). Pioneering Educational Excellence: A blueprint for South Africa’s future. Latest News.
Rodin, J. (2005). The 21st Century Urban University: New Roles for Practice and Research. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976696
Saenz, C. (2023). Creating shared value strategies to reach the United Nations sustainable development goals: Evidence from the mining industry. The Extractive Industries and Society, 14, 101255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101255
Saidi, A. (2021). Reflections on the conceptualisation and practices of community engagement as a core function of universities. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5700
Saidi, A., & Boti, Z. (2021). Revisiting community engagement in higher education in South Africa from a vantage point of the notion of third mission. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5695
Smallbone, D., Kitching, J., & Blackburn, R. (2015). Anchor institutions and small firms in the UK: A review of the literature on anchor institutions and their role in developing management and leadership skills in small firms.
South African Government Department of Education. (1997). Education White Paper 3: A Programme for the Transformation of Higher Education.
South African Human Rights Commission. (2025). Media Advisory: SAHRC Eastern Cape Provincial Office subpoena Makana Local Municipality to appear before the Commission on matters of service delivery failures. https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news-2/item/4366-media-advisory-sahrc-eastern-cape-provincial-office-subpoena-makana-local-municipality-to-appear-before-the-commission-on-matters-of-service-delivery-failures
Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 491. https://doi.org/10.1086/209413
Stockholm Resilience Centre. (2016, June 14). The SDGs wedding cake. Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-06-14-the-sdgs-wedding-cake.html
Ubhayakar S, Capeless M, Owens R, Snorrason K, Zuckerman D. Anchor Mission Playbook [Report]. Chicago, IL and Washington, DC: Rush University Medical Center and The Democracy Collaborative; August 2017.
United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. (1992, June 3). Agenda 21. Agenda 21. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Rio de Janerio, Brazil. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/outcomedocuments/agenda21
United Nations General Assembly. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1).
https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2015/en/111816
United Nations. (2002, September 26). Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa. https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf
United Nations. (2012, June 20). The future we want. Rio+20, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rio20-outcome-document-future-we-want
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations. https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/70/1
Vally, S. (2021). Reimagining university–community engagement. South African Journal of Higher Education, 37(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-1-5681
Vears, D. F., & Gillam, L. (2022). Inductive content analysis: A guide for beginning qualitative researchers. Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal, 23(1), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.11157/fohpe.v23i1.544
Wang, Q. (2021). Higher education institutions and entrepreneurship in underserved communities. Higher Education, 81(6), 1273–1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00611-5
World Economic Forum. (2025). Why universities are so important for hitting the SDGs by 2030. Global Cooperation. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/09/why-universities-are-so-important-for-hitting-the-sdgs-by-2030/
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research, Design and Methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Youtie, J., & Shapira, P. (2008). Building an innovation hub: A case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development. Research Policy, 37(8), 1188–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.012
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof Noel J. Pearse, Thandiwe Matyobeni

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.